Add experimental 'attention' crop strategy

.gitignore

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ coverage
 test/bench/node_modules
 test/fixtures/output*
 test/leak/libvips.supp
+test/saliency/report.json
+test/saliency/Image*
+test/saliency/[Uu]serData*
+!test/saliency/userData.js
 lib
 include
 packaging/libvips*

.jshintignore

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 node_modules
 test/bench/node_modules
+test/saliency/humanae/node_modules
 coverage

docs/api.md

@@ -175,12 +175,11 @@ Possible attributes of `sharp.gravity` are
 `north`, `northeast`, `east`, `southeast`, `south`,
 `southwest`, `west`, `northwest`, `center` and `centre`.
 
-Possible attributes of the experimental `sharp.strategy` are:
+The experimental strategy-based approach resizes so one dimension is at its target length
+then repeatedly ranks edge regions, discarding the edge with the lowest score based on the selected strategy.
 
-* `entropy`: resize so one dimension is at its target size
+* `entropy`: focus on the region with the highest [Shannon entropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28information_theory%29).
-then repeatedly remove pixels from the edge with the lowest
+* `attention`: focus on the region with the highest luminance frequency, colour saturation and presence of skin tones.
-[Shannon entropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_%28information_theory%29)
-until it too reaches the target size.
 
 The default crop option is a `center`/`centre` gravity.
 

docs/changelog.md

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ Requires libvips v8.3.3
 
 * C++11 ABI version is now auto-detected, remove sharp-cxx11 installation flag.
 
+* Add experimental 'attention' crop strategy.
+  [#295](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/295)
+
 * Include .node extension for Meteor's require() implementation.
   [#537](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/537)
   [@isjackwild](https://github.com/isjackwild)

index.js

@@ -260,7 +260,8 @@ module.exports.gravity = {
 
 // Strategies for automagic behaviour
 module.exports.strategy = {
-  entropy: 16
+  entropy: 16,
+  attention: 17
 };
 
 /*
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ Sharp.prototype.crop = function(crop) {
   } else if (isString(crop) && isInteger(module.exports.gravity[crop])) {
     // Gravity (string)
     this.options.crop = module.exports.gravity[crop];
-  } else if (isInteger(crop) && crop === module.exports.strategy.entropy) {
+  } else if (isInteger(crop) && crop >= module.exports.strategy.entropy) {
     // Strategy
     this.options.crop = crop;
   } else {

src/operations.cc

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <tuple>
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
+#include <tuple>
 #include <vips/vips8>
 
 #include "common.h"
@@ -289,69 +290,104 @@ namespace sharp {
     }
   }
 
+  /*
+    Calculate the Shannon entropy
+  */
+  double EntropyStrategy::operator()(VImage image) {
+    return image.hist_find().hist_entropy();
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Calculate the intensity of edges, skin tone and saturation
+  */
+  double AttentionStrategy::operator()(VImage image) {
+    // Convert to LAB colourspace
+    VImage lab = image.colourspace(VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAB);
+    VImage l = lab[0];
+    VImage a = lab[1];
+    VImage b = lab[2];
+    // Edge detect luminosity with the Sobel operator
+    VImage sobel = vips::VImage::new_matrixv(3, 3,
+      -1.0, 0.0, 1.0,
+      -2.0, 0.0, 2.0,
+      -1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    VImage edges = l.conv(sobel).abs() + l.conv(sobel.rot90()).abs();
+    // Skin tone chroma thresholds trained with http://humanae.tumblr.com/
+    VImage skin = (a >= 3) & (a <= 22) & (b >= 4) & (b <= 31);
+    // Chroma >~50% saturation
+    VImage lch = lab.colourspace(VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LCH);
+    VImage c = lch[1];
+    VImage saturation = c > 60;
+    // Find maximum in combined saliency mask
+    VImage mask = edges + skin + saturation;
+    return mask.max();
+  }
+
   /*
     Calculate crop area based on image entropy
   */
-  std::tuple<int, int> EntropyCrop(VImage image, int const outWidth, int const outHeight) {
+  std::tuple<int, int> Crop(
+    VImage image, int const outWidth, int const outHeight, std::function<double(VImage)> strategy
+  ) {
     int left = 0;
     int top = 0;
     int const inWidth = image.width();
     int const inHeight = image.height();
     if (inWidth > outWidth) {
-      // Reduce width by repeated removing slices from edge with lowest entropy
+      // Reduce width by repeated removing slices from edge with lowest score
       int width = inWidth;
-      double leftEntropy = 0.0;
+      double leftScore = 0.0;
-      double rightEntropy = 0.0;
+      double rightScore = 0.0;
       // Max width of each slice
       int const maxSliceWidth = static_cast<int>(ceil((inWidth - outWidth) / 8.0));
       while (width > outWidth) {
         // Width of current slice
         int const slice = std::min(width - outWidth, maxSliceWidth);
-        if (leftEntropy == 0.0) {
+        if (leftScore == 0.0) {
-          // Update entropy of left slice
+          // Update score of left slice
-          leftEntropy = Entropy(image.extract_area(left, 0, slice, inHeight));
+          leftScore = strategy(image.extract_area(left, 0, slice, inHeight));
         }
-        if (rightEntropy == 0.0) {
+        if (rightScore == 0.0) {
-          // Update entropy of right slice
+          // Update score of right slice
-          rightEntropy = Entropy(image.extract_area(width - slice - 1, 0, slice, inHeight));
+          rightScore = strategy(image.extract_area(width - slice - 1, 0, slice, inHeight));
         }
-        // Keep slice with highest entropy
+        // Keep slice with highest score
-        if (leftEntropy >= rightEntropy) {
+        if (leftScore >= rightScore) {
           // Discard right slice
-          rightEntropy = 0.0;
+          rightScore = 0.0;
         } else {
           // Discard left slice
-          leftEntropy = 0.0;
+          leftScore = 0.0;
           left = left + slice;
         }
         width = width - slice;
       }
     }
     if (inHeight > outHeight) {
-      // Reduce height by repeated removing slices from edge with lowest entropy
+      // Reduce height by repeated removing slices from edge with lowest score
       int height = inHeight;
-      double topEntropy = 0.0;
+      double topScore = 0.0;
-      double bottomEntropy = 0.0;
+      double bottomScore = 0.0;
       // Max height of each slice
       int const maxSliceHeight = static_cast<int>(ceil((inHeight - outHeight) / 8.0));
       while (height > outHeight) {
         // Height of current slice
         int const slice = std::min(height - outHeight, maxSliceHeight);
-        if (topEntropy == 0.0) {
+        if (topScore == 0.0) {
-          // Update entropy of top slice
+          // Update score of top slice
-          topEntropy = Entropy(image.extract_area(0, top, inWidth, slice));
+          topScore = strategy(image.extract_area(0, top, inWidth, slice));
         }
-        if (bottomEntropy == 0.0) {
+        if (bottomScore == 0.0) {
-          // Update entropy of bottom slice
+          // Update score of bottom slice
-          bottomEntropy = Entropy(image.extract_area(0, height - slice - 1, inWidth, slice));
+          bottomScore = strategy(image.extract_area(0, height - slice - 1, inWidth, slice));
         }
-        // Keep slice with highest entropy
+        // Keep slice with highest score
-        if (topEntropy >= bottomEntropy) {
+        if (topScore >= bottomScore) {
           // Discard bottom slice
-          bottomEntropy = 0.0;
+          bottomScore = 0.0;
         } else {
           // Discard top slice
-          topEntropy = 0.0;
+          topScore = 0.0;
           top = top + slice;
         }
         height = height - slice;
@@ -360,13 +396,6 @@ namespace sharp {
     return std::make_tuple(left, top);
   }
 
-  /*
-    Calculate the Shannon entropy for an image
-  */
-  double Entropy(VImage image) {
-    return image.hist_find().hist_entropy();
-  }
-
   /*
     Insert a tile cache to prevent over-computation of any previous operations in the pipeline
   */

src/operations.h

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #ifndef SRC_OPERATIONS_H_
 #define SRC_OPERATIONS_H_
 
-#include <tuple>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
+#include <tuple>
 #include <vips/vips8>
 
 using vips::VImage;
@@ -63,14 +65,21 @@ namespace sharp {
   VImage Sharpen(VImage image, double const sigma, double const flat, double const jagged);
 
   /*
-    Calculate crop area based on image entropy
+    Crop strategy functors
   */
-  std::tuple<int, int> EntropyCrop(VImage image, int const outWidth, int const outHeight);
+  struct EntropyStrategy {
+    double operator()(VImage image);
+  };
+  struct AttentionStrategy {
+    double operator()(VImage image);
+  };
 
   /*
-    Calculate the Shannon entropy for an image
+    Calculate crop area based on given strategy (Entropy, Attention)
   */
-  double Entropy(VImage image);
+  std::tuple<int, int> Crop(
+    VImage image, int const outWidth, int const outHeight, std::function<double(VImage)> strategy
+  );
 
   /*
     Insert a tile cache to prevent over-computation of any previous operations in the pipeline

src/pipeline.cc

@@ -488,13 +488,18 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Nan::AsyncWorker {
             std::tie(left, top) = sharp::CalculateCrop(
               image.width(), image.height(), baton->width, baton->height, baton->crop
             );
-          } else {
+          } else if (baton->crop == 16) {
             // Entropy-based crop
-            std::tie(left, top) = sharp::EntropyCrop(image, baton->width, baton->height);
+            std::tie(left, top) = sharp::Crop(image, baton->width, baton->height, sharp::EntropyStrategy());
+          } else {
+            // Attention-based crop
+            std::tie(left, top) = sharp::Crop(image, baton->width, baton->height, sharp::AttentionStrategy());
           }
           int width = std::min(image.width(), baton->width);
           int height = std::min(image.height(), baton->height);
           image = image.extract_area(left, top, width, height);
+          baton->cropCalcLeft = left;
+          baton->cropCalcTop = top;
         }
       }
 
@@ -890,6 +895,10 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Nan::AsyncWorker {
       Set(info, New("width").ToLocalChecked(), New<v8::Uint32>(static_cast<uint32_t>(width)));
       Set(info, New("height").ToLocalChecked(), New<v8::Uint32>(static_cast<uint32_t>(height)));
       Set(info, New("channels").ToLocalChecked(), New<v8::Uint32>(static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->channels)));
+      if (baton->cropCalcLeft != -1 && baton->cropCalcLeft != -1) {
+        Set(info, New("cropCalcLeft").ToLocalChecked(), New<v8::Uint32>(static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->cropCalcLeft)));
+        Set(info, New("cropCalcTop").ToLocalChecked(), New<v8::Uint32>(static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->cropCalcTop)));
+      }
 
       if (baton->bufferOutLength > 0) {
         // Pass ownership of output data to Buffer instance

src/pipeline.h

@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
   int channels;
   Canvas canvas;
   int crop;
+  int cropCalcLeft;
+  int cropCalcTop;
   std::string kernel;
   std::string interpolator;
   double background[4];
@@ -112,6 +114,8 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
     channels(0),
     canvas(Canvas::CROP),
     crop(0),
+    cropCalcLeft(-1),
+    cropCalcTop(-1),
     flatten(false),
     negate(false),
     blurSigma(0.0),

test/saliency/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Crop strategy accuracy
+
+1. Download the [MSRA Salient Object Database](http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/jiansun/SalientObject/salient_object.htm) (101MB).
+2. Extract each image and its median human-labelled salient region.
+3. Generate a test report of percentage deviance of top and left edges for each crop strategy, plus a naive centre gravity crop as "control".
+
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/lovell/sharp.git
+cd sharp/test/saliency
+./download.sh
+node report.js
+python -m SimpleHTTPServer
+```
+
+The test report will then be available at
+http://localhost:8000/report.html

test/saliency/download.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Fetch and parse the MSRA Salient Object Database 'Image set B'
+# http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/jiansun/salientobject/salient_object.htm
+
+if [ ! -d Image ]; then
+  if [ ! -f ImageB.zip ]; then
+    echo "Downloading 5000 images (101MB)"
+    curl -O http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/jiansun/salientobject/ImageSetB/ImageB.zip
+  fi
+  unzip ImageB.zip
+fi
+
+if [ ! -d UserData ]; then
+  if [ ! -f UserDataB.zip ]; then
+    echo "Downloading human-labelled regions"
+    curl -O http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/jiansun/salientobject/ImageSetB/UserDataB.zip
+  fi
+  unzip UserDataB.zip
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f userData.json ]; then
+  echo "Processing human-labelled regions"
+  node userData.js
+fi

test/saliency/humanae/download.js

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+'use strict';
+/*jshint esversion: 6 */
+
+const fs = require('fs');
+const request = require('request');
+const tumblr = require('tumblr.js');
+
+const client = tumblr.createClient({
+  consumer_key: '***',
+  consumer_secret: '***'
+});
+
+const fetchImages = function(offset) {
+  console.log(`Fetching offset ${offset}`);
+  client.posts('humanae', {
+    type: 'photo',
+    offset: offset
+  }, function (err, response) {
+    if (err) throw err;
+    if (response.posts.length > 0) {
+      response.posts.forEach((post) => {
+        const url = post.photos[0].alt_sizes
+          .filter((image) => image.width === 100)
+          .map((image) => image.url)
+          [0];
+        const filename = `./images/${post.id}.jpg`;
+        try {
+          fs.statSync(filename);
+        } catch (err) {
+          if (err.code === 'ENOENT') {
+            request(url).pipe(fs.createWriteStream(filename));
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      fetchImages(offset + 20);
+    }
+  });
+};
+fetchImages(0);

test/saliency/humanae/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "name": "sharp-crop-strategy-attention-model-humanae",
+  "version": "0.0.1",
+  "private": true,
+  "dependencies": {
+    "request": "^2.75.0",
+    "tumblr.js": "^1.1.1"
+  }
+}

test/saliency/humanae/tone.js

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+'use strict';
+/*jshint esversion: 6 */
+
+const fs = require('fs');
+const child_process = require('child_process');
+
+const a = [];
+const b = [];
+
+fs.readdirSync('./images')
+  .filter((file) => file.endsWith('.jpg'))
+  .forEach((file) => {
+    // Extract one pixel, avoiding first DCT block, and return value of A and B channels
+    const command = `convert ./images/${file}[1x1+8+8] -colorspace lab -format "%[fx:u.g] %[fx:u.b]" info:`;
+    const result = child_process.execSync(command, { encoding: 'utf8' });
+    const ab = result.split(' ');
+    a.push(ab[0]);
+    b.push(ab[1]);
+  });
+
+a.sort((v1, v2) => v1 - v2);
+b.sort((v1, v2) => v1 - v2);
+
+// Convert from 0..1 to -128..128
+const convert = function(v) {
+  return Math.round(256 * (v - 0.5));
+};
+
+const threshold = Math.round(a.length / 100);
+console.log(`Trimming lowest/highest ${threshold} for 98th percentile`);
+
+// Ignore ~2% outliers
+console.log(`a ${convert(a[threshold])} - ${convert(a[a.length - threshold])}`);
+console.log(`b ${convert(b[threshold])} - ${convert(b[b.length - threshold])}`);

test/saliency/report.html

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/metrics-graphics/2.10.1/metricsgraphics.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/4.2.6/d3.min.js"></script>
+    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/metrics-graphics/2.10.1/metricsgraphics.min.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="accuracy"></div>
+    <script>
+    d3.json('report.json', function(err, data) {
+      MG.data_graphic({
+        title: 'Crop accuracy',
+        data: data,
+        target: '#accuracy',
+        width: 960,
+        height: 600,
+        x_accessor: 'accuracy',
+        x_label: '% Accuracy',
+        y_accessor: ['centre', 'entropy', 'attention'],
+        legend: ['Centre', 'Entropy', 'Attention']
+      });
+    });
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>

test/saliency/report.js

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+'use strict';
+/*jshint esversion: 6 */
+
+const os = require('os');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const async = require('async');
+const sharp = require('../../');
+
+const crops = {
+  centre: sharp.gravity.centre,
+  entropy: sharp.strategy.entropy,
+  attention: sharp.strategy.attention
+};
+const concurrency = os.cpus().length;
+
+const scores = {};
+
+const incrementScore = function(accuracy, crop) {
+  if (typeof scores[accuracy] === 'undefined') {
+    scores[accuracy] = {};
+  }
+  if (typeof scores[accuracy][crop] === 'undefined') {
+    scores[accuracy][crop] = 0;
+  }
+  scores[accuracy][crop]++;
+};
+
+const userData = require('./userData.json');
+const files = Object.keys(userData);
+
+async.eachLimit(files, concurrency, function(file, done) {
+  const filename = path.join(__dirname, 'Image', file);
+  const salientWidth = userData[file].right - userData[file].left;
+  const salientHeight = userData[file].bottom - userData[file].top;
+  sharp(filename).metadata(function(err, metadata) {
+    if (err) console.log(err);
+    async.each(Object.keys(crops), function(crop, done) {
+      async.parallel([
+        // Left edge accuracy
+        function(done) {
+          sharp(filename).resize(salientWidth, metadata.height).crop(crops[crop]).toBuffer(function(err, data, info) {
+            const accuracy = Math.round(Math.abs(userData[file].left - info.cropCalcLeft) / (metadata.width - salientWidth) * 100);
+            incrementScore(accuracy, crop);
+            done();
+          });
+        },
+        // Top edge accuracy
+        function(done) {
+          sharp(filename).resize(metadata.width, salientHeight).crop(crops[crop]).toBuffer(function(err, data, info) {
+            const accuracy = Math.round(Math.abs(userData[file].top - info.cropCalcTop) / (metadata.height - salientHeight) * 100);
+            incrementScore(accuracy, crop);
+            done();
+          });
+        }
+      ], done);
+    }, done);
+  });
+}, function() {
+  const report = [];
+  Object.keys(scores).forEach(function(accuracy) {
+    report.push(
+      Object.assign({
+        accuracy: parseInt(accuracy, 10)
+      }, scores[accuracy])
+    );
+  });
+  fs.writeFileSync('report.json', JSON.stringify(report, null, 2));
+});

test/saliency/userData.js

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+'use strict';
+/*jshint esversion: 6, loopfunc: true */
+
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+
+const userDataDir = 'UserData';
+
+const images = {};
+
+const median = function(values) {
+  values.sort(function(a,b) {
+    return a - b;
+  });
+  const half = Math.floor(values.length / 2);
+  if (values.length % 2) {
+    return values[half];
+  } else {
+    return Math.floor((values[half - 1] + values[half]) / 2);
+  }
+};
+
+// List of files
+fs.readdirSync(userDataDir).forEach(function(file) {
+  // Contents of file
+  const lines = fs.readFileSync(path.join(userDataDir, file), {encoding: 'utf-8'}).split(/\r\n/);
+  // First line = number of entries
+  const entries = parseInt(lines[0], 10);
+  // Verify number of entries
+  if (entries !== 500) {
+    throw new Error('Expecting 500 images in ' + file + ', found ' + entries);
+  }
+  // Keep track of which line we're on
+  let linePos = 2;
+  for (let i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
+    // Get data for current image
+    const filename = lines[linePos].replace(/\\/, path.sep);
+    linePos = linePos + 2;
+    const regions = lines[linePos].split('; ');
+    linePos = linePos + 2;
+    // Parse human-labelled regions for min/max coords
+    const lefts = [], tops = [], rights = [], bottoms = [];
+    regions.forEach(function(region) {
+      if (region.indexOf(' ') !== -1) {
+        const coords = region.split(' ');
+        lefts.push(parseInt(coords[0], 10));
+        tops.push(parseInt(coords[1], 10));
+        rights.push(parseInt(coords[2], 10));
+        bottoms.push(parseInt(coords[3], 10));
+      }
+    });
+    // Add image
+    images[filename] = {
+      left: median(lefts),
+      top: median(tops),
+      right: median(rights),
+      bottom: median(bottoms)
+    };
+  }
+});
+
+// Verify number of images found
+const imageCount = Object.keys(images).length;
+if (imageCount === 5000) {
+  // Write output
+  fs.writeFileSync('userData.json', JSON.stringify(images, null, 2));
+} else {
+  throw new Error('Expecting 5000 images, found ' + imageCount);
+}

test/unit/cpplint.js

@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ describe('cpplint', function() {
             },
             whitespace: {
               parens: false
+            },
+            runtime: {
+              indentation_namespace: false
             }
           }
         }, function(err, report) {

test/unit/crop.js

@@ -172,7 +172,9 @@ describe('Crop', function() {
           assert.strictEqual(3, info.channels);
           assert.strictEqual(80, info.width);
           assert.strictEqual(320, info.height);
-          fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('crop-entropy.jpg'), data, done);
+          assert.strictEqual(250, info.cropCalcLeft);
+          assert.strictEqual(0, info.cropCalcTop);
+          fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('crop-strategy.jpg'), data, done);
         });
     });
 
@@ -186,10 +188,47 @@ describe('Crop', function() {
           assert.strictEqual(4, info.channels);
           assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
           assert.strictEqual(80, info.height);
-          fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('crop-entropy.png'), data, done);
+          assert.strictEqual(0, info.cropCalcLeft);
+          assert.strictEqual(80, info.cropCalcTop);
+          fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('crop-strategy.png'), data, done);
         });
     });
 
   });
 
+  describe('Attention strategy', function() {
+
+    it('JPEG', function(done) {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgWithCmykProfile)
+        .resize(80, 320)
+        .crop(sharp.strategy.attention)
+        .toBuffer(function(err, data, info) {
+          if (err) throw err;
+          assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+          assert.strictEqual(3, info.channels);
+          assert.strictEqual(80, info.width);
+          assert.strictEqual(320, info.height);
+          assert.strictEqual(250, info.cropCalcLeft);
+          assert.strictEqual(0, info.cropCalcTop);
+          fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('crop-strategy.jpg'), data, done);
+        });
+    });
+
+    it('PNG', function(done) {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputPngWithTransparency)
+        .resize(320, 80)
+        .crop(sharp.strategy.attention)
+        .toBuffer(function(err, data, info) {
+          if (err) throw err;
+          assert.strictEqual('png', info.format);
+          assert.strictEqual(4, info.channels);
+          assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+          assert.strictEqual(80, info.height);
+          assert.strictEqual(0, info.cropCalcLeft);
+          assert.strictEqual(80, info.cropCalcTop);
+          fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('crop-strategy.png'), data, done);
+        });
+    });
+
+  });
 });