diff --git a/docs/changelog.md b/docs/changelog.md
index 6d92ffa2..d25d59c1 100644
--- a/docs/changelog.md
+++ b/docs/changelog.md
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ Requires libvips v8.14.5
 
 * Remove `sharp.vendor`.
 
+* Ensure all `Error` objects contain a `stack` property.
+  [#3653](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/3653)
+
 * Make `compression` option of `heif` mandatory to help reduce HEIF vs HEIC confusion.
   [#3740](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/3740)
 
diff --git a/lib/input.js b/lib/input.js
index 0fd4bad6..cafd8fd7 100644
--- a/lib/input.js
+++ b/lib/input.js
@@ -483,14 +483,27 @@ function _isStreamInput () {
  * @returns {Promise<Object>|Sharp}
  */
 function metadata (callback) {
+  const stack = Error();
   if (is.fn(callback)) {
     if (this._isStreamInput()) {
       this.on('finish', () => {
         this._flattenBufferIn();
-        sharp.metadata(this.options, callback);
+        sharp.metadata(this.options, (err, metadata) => {
+          if (err) {
+            callback(is.nativeError(err, stack));
+          } else {
+            callback(null, metadata);
+          }
+        });
       });
     } else {
-      sharp.metadata(this.options, callback);
+      sharp.metadata(this.options, (err, metadata) => {
+        if (err) {
+          callback(is.nativeError(err, stack));
+        } else {
+          callback(null, metadata);
+        }
+      });
     }
     return this;
   } else {
@@ -500,7 +513,7 @@ function metadata (callback) {
           this._flattenBufferIn();
           sharp.metadata(this.options, (err, metadata) => {
             if (err) {
-              reject(err);
+              reject(is.nativeError(err, stack));
             } else {
               resolve(metadata);
             }
@@ -516,7 +529,7 @@ function metadata (callback) {
       return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
         sharp.metadata(this.options, (err, metadata) => {
           if (err) {
-            reject(err);
+            reject(is.nativeError(err, stack));
           } else {
             resolve(metadata);
           }
@@ -572,14 +585,27 @@ function metadata (callback) {
  * @returns {Promise<Object>}
  */
 function stats (callback) {
+  const stack = Error();
   if (is.fn(callback)) {
     if (this._isStreamInput()) {
       this.on('finish', () => {
         this._flattenBufferIn();
-        sharp.stats(this.options, callback);
+        sharp.stats(this.options, (err, stats) => {
+          if (err) {
+            callback(is.nativeError(err, stack));
+          } else {
+            callback(null, stats);
+          }
+        });
       });
     } else {
-      sharp.stats(this.options, callback);
+      sharp.stats(this.options, (err, stats) => {
+        if (err) {
+          callback(is.nativeError(err, stack));
+        } else {
+          callback(null, stats);
+        }
+      });
     }
     return this;
   } else {
@@ -589,7 +615,7 @@ function stats (callback) {
           this._flattenBufferIn();
           sharp.stats(this.options, (err, stats) => {
             if (err) {
-              reject(err);
+              reject(is.nativeError(err, stack));
             } else {
               resolve(stats);
             }
@@ -600,7 +626,7 @@ function stats (callback) {
       return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
         sharp.stats(this.options, (err, stats) => {
           if (err) {
-            reject(err);
+            reject(is.nativeError(err, stack));
           } else {
             resolve(stats);
           }
diff --git a/lib/is.js b/lib/is.js
index f1f390bc..a63cb206 100644
--- a/lib/is.js
+++ b/lib/is.js
@@ -137,6 +137,19 @@ const invalidParameterError = function (name, expected, actual) {
   );
 };
 
+/**
+ * Ensures an Error from C++ contains a JS stack.
+ *
+ * @param {Error} native - Error with message from C++.
+ * @param {Error} context - Error with stack from JS.
+ * @returns {Error} Error with message and stack.
+ * @private
+ */
+const nativeError = function (native, context) {
+  context.message = native.message;
+  return context;
+};
+
 module.exports = {
   defined,
   object,
@@ -151,5 +164,6 @@ module.exports = {
   integer,
   inRange,
   inArray,
-  invalidParameterError
+  invalidParameterError,
+  nativeError
 };
diff --git a/lib/output.js b/lib/output.js
index 1ab36aa9..3c6371a5 100644
--- a/lib/output.js
+++ b/lib/output.js
@@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ function toFile (fileOut, callback) {
     }
   } else {
     this.options.fileOut = fileOut;
-    return this._pipeline(callback);
+    const stack = Error();
+    return this._pipeline(callback, stack);
   }
   return this;
 }
@@ -157,7 +158,8 @@ function toBuffer (options, callback) {
     this.options.resolveWithObject = false;
   }
   this.options.fileOut = '';
-  return this._pipeline(is.fn(options) ? options : callback);
+  const stack = Error();
+  return this._pipeline(is.fn(options) ? options : callback, stack);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1282,7 +1284,8 @@ function _read () {
   /* istanbul ignore else */
   if (!this.options.streamOut) {
     this.options.streamOut = true;
-    this._pipeline();
+    const stack = Error();
+    this._pipeline(undefined, stack);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1291,18 +1294,30 @@ function _read () {
  * Supports callback, stream and promise variants
  * @private
  */
-function _pipeline (callback) {
+function _pipeline (callback, stack) {
   if (typeof callback === 'function') {
     // output=file/buffer
     if (this._isStreamInput()) {
       // output=file/buffer, input=stream
       this.on('finish', () => {
         this._flattenBufferIn();
-        sharp.pipeline(this.options, callback);
+        sharp.pipeline(this.options, (err, data, info) => {
+          if (err) {
+            callback(is.nativeError(err, stack));
+          } else {
+            callback(null, data, info);
+          }
+        });
       });
     } else {
       // output=file/buffer, input=file/buffer
-      sharp.pipeline(this.options, callback);
+      sharp.pipeline(this.options, (err, data, info) => {
+        if (err) {
+          callback(is.nativeError(err, stack));
+        } else {
+          callback(null, data, info);
+        }
+      });
     }
     return this;
   } else if (this.options.streamOut) {
@@ -1313,7 +1328,7 @@ function _pipeline (callback) {
         this._flattenBufferIn();
         sharp.pipeline(this.options, (err, data, info) => {
           if (err) {
-            this.emit('error', err);
+            this.emit('error', is.nativeError(err, stack));
           } else {
             this.emit('info', info);
             this.push(data);
@@ -1329,7 +1344,7 @@ function _pipeline (callback) {
       // output=stream, input=file/buffer
       sharp.pipeline(this.options, (err, data, info) => {
         if (err) {
-          this.emit('error', err);
+          this.emit('error', is.nativeError(err, stack));
         } else {
           this.emit('info', info);
           this.push(data);
@@ -1348,7 +1363,7 @@ function _pipeline (callback) {
           this._flattenBufferIn();
           sharp.pipeline(this.options, (err, data, info) => {
             if (err) {
-              reject(err);
+              reject(is.nativeError(err, stack));
             } else {
               if (this.options.resolveWithObject) {
                 resolve({ data, info });
@@ -1364,7 +1379,7 @@ function _pipeline (callback) {
       return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
         sharp.pipeline(this.options, (err, data, info) => {
           if (err) {
-            reject(err);
+            reject(is.nativeError(err, stack));
           } else {
             if (this.options.resolveWithObject) {
               resolve({ data, info });
diff --git a/test/unit/io.js b/test/unit/io.js
index 485d07fc..bdb4c9ce 100644
--- a/test/unit/io.js
+++ b/test/unit/io.js
@@ -459,27 +459,29 @@ describe('Input/output', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('Fail when input is invalid Buffer', function (done) {
-    sharp(Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4])).toBuffer().then(function () {
-      assert(false);
-      done();
-    }).catch(function (err) {
-      assert(err instanceof Error);
-      assert.strictEqual('Input buffer contains unsupported image format', err.message);
-      done();
-    });
-  });
+  it('Fail when input is invalid Buffer', async () =>
+    assert.rejects(
+      () => sharp(Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4])).toBuffer(),
+      (err) => {
+        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input buffer contains unsupported image format');
+        assert(err.stack.includes('at Sharp.toBuffer'));
+        assert(err.stack.includes(__filename));
+        return true;
+      }
+    )
+  );
 
-  it('Fail when input file path is missing', function (done) {
-    sharp('does-not-exist').toBuffer().then(function () {
-      assert(false);
-      done();
-    }).catch(function (err) {
-      assert(err instanceof Error);
-      assert.strictEqual('Input file is missing: does-not-exist', err.message);
-      done();
-    });
-  });
+  it('Fail when input file path is missing', async () =>
+    assert.rejects(
+      () => sharp('does-not-exist').toFile('fail'),
+      (err) => {
+        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input file is missing: does-not-exist');
+        assert(err.stack.includes('at Sharp.toFile'));
+        assert(err.stack.includes(__filename));
+        return true;
+      }
+    )
+  );
 
   describe('Fail for unsupported input', function () {
     it('Undefined', function () {
diff --git a/test/unit/metadata.js b/test/unit/metadata.js
index a16cc89e..39f37ae5 100644
--- a/test/unit/metadata.js
+++ b/test/unit/metadata.js
@@ -395,13 +395,27 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('Non-existent file in, Promise out', function (done) {
-    sharp('fail').metadata().then(function (metadata) {
-      throw new Error('Non-existent file');
-    }, function (err) {
-      assert.ok(!!err);
-      done();
-    });
+  it('Non-existent file in, Promise out', async () =>
+    assert.rejects(
+      () => sharp('fail').metadata(),
+      (err) => {
+        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input file is missing: fail');
+        assert(err.stack.includes('at Sharp.metadata'));
+        assert(err.stack.includes(__filename));
+        return true;
+      }
+    )
+  );
+
+  it('Invalid stream in, callback out', (done) => {
+    fs.createReadStream(__filename).pipe(
+      sharp().metadata((err) => {
+        assert.strictEqual(err.message, 'Input buffer contains unsupported image format');
+        assert(err.stack.includes('at Sharp.metadata'));
+        assert(err.stack.includes(__filename));
+        done();
+      })
+    );
   });
 
   it('Stream in, Promise out', function (done) {
diff --git a/test/unit/stats.js b/test/unit/stats.js
index 72e42fc7..22895ac8 100644
--- a/test/unit/stats.js
+++ b/test/unit/stats.js
@@ -690,11 +690,25 @@ describe('Image Stats', function () {
   it('File input with corrupt header fails gracefully', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputJpgWithCorruptHeader)
       .stats(function (err) {
-        assert.strictEqual(true, !!err);
+        assert(err.message.includes('Input file has corrupt header'));
+        assert(err.stack.includes('at Sharp.stats'));
+        assert(err.stack.includes(__filename));
         done();
       });
   });
 
+  it('Stream input with corrupt header fails gracefully', function (done) {
+    fs.createReadStream(fixtures.inputJpgWithCorruptHeader).pipe(
+      sharp()
+        .stats(function (err) {
+          assert(err.message.includes('Input buffer has corrupt header'));
+          assert(err.stack.includes('at Sharp.stats'));
+          assert(err.stack.includes(__filename));
+          done();
+        })
+    );
+  });
+
   it('File input with corrupt header fails gracefully, Promise out', function () {
     return sharp(fixtures.inputJpgWithCorruptHeader)
       .stats().then(function (stats) {