diff --git a/docs/build.js b/docs/build.js
index 4922bbcc..f08fc94f 100644
--- a/docs/build.js
+++ b/docs/build.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs').promises;
diff --git a/docs/search-index/build.js b/docs/search-index/build.js
index c481aad0..072903f8 100644
--- a/docs/search-index/build.js
+++ b/docs/search-index/build.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/docs/search-index/extract.js b/docs/search-index/extract.js
index 029fba05..450997fb 100644
--- a/docs/search-index/extract.js
+++ b/docs/search-index/extract.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const stopWords = require('./stop-words');
diff --git a/docs/search-index/stop-words.js b/docs/search-index/stop-words.js
index fa47e7ca..a168cbc2 100644
--- a/docs/search-index/stop-words.js
+++ b/docs/search-index/stop-words.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 module.exports = [
diff --git a/install/can-compile.js b/install/can-compile.js
index 3534b310..4ea3d938 100644
--- a/install/can-compile.js
+++ b/install/can-compile.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const libvips = require('../lib/libvips');
diff --git a/install/dll-copy.js b/install/dll-copy.js
index 0fc23784..58c80a39 100644
--- a/install/dll-copy.js
+++ b/install/dll-copy.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/install/libvips.js b/install/libvips.js
index 88f82e2e..dfec78e2 100644
--- a/install/libvips.js
+++ b/install/libvips.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/lib/agent.js b/lib/agent.js
index 25de4faf..4eb2b4f6 100644
--- a/lib/agent.js
+++ b/lib/agent.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const url = require('url');
diff --git a/lib/channel.js b/lib/channel.js
index 3771de05..977ea386 100644
--- a/lib/channel.js
+++ b/lib/channel.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const is = require('./is');
diff --git a/lib/colour.js b/lib/colour.js
index 88a908bd..09d2cda9 100644
--- a/lib/colour.js
+++ b/lib/colour.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const color = require('color');
diff --git a/lib/composite.js b/lib/composite.js
index 0cf71f5d..f2060066 100644
--- a/lib/composite.js
+++ b/lib/composite.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const is = require('./is');
diff --git a/lib/constructor.js b/lib/constructor.js
index c1733517..e5ed61d3 100644
--- a/lib/constructor.js
+++ b/lib/constructor.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const util = require('util');
diff --git a/lib/index.d.ts b/lib/index.d.ts
index ecacde4d..1a0b672b 100644
--- a/lib/index.d.ts
+++ b/lib/index.d.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
 /**
- * Type definitions originally lifted from `@types/sharp`, MIT-licensed.
- * https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+ * Copyright 2017 François Nguyen and others.
  *
- * Original definition authors:
- *  - Wooseop Kim <https://github.com/wooseopkim>
- *  - Bradley Odell <https://github.com/BTOdell>
- *  - Jamie Woodbury <https://github.com/JamieWoodbury>
- *  - Floris de Bijl <https://github.com/Fdebijl>
- *  - Billy Kwok <https://github.com/billykwok>
- *  - Espen Hovlandsdal <https://github.com/rexxars>
- *  - Adam Kwiatek <https://github.com/akwiatek>
+ * Billy Kwok <https://github.com/billykwok>
+ * Bradley Odell <https://github.com/BTOdell>
+ * Espen Hovlandsdal <https://github.com/rexxars>
+ * Floris de Bijl <https://github.com/Fdebijl>
+ * François Nguyen <https://github.com/phurytw>
+ * Jamie Woodbury <https://github.com/JamieWoodbury>
+ * Wooseop Kim <https://github.com/wooseopkim>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+ * documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of
+ * the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+ * COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+ * OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
 /// <reference types="node" />
 
 import { Duplex } from 'stream';
diff --git a/lib/index.js b/lib/index.js
index 56fa2942..8cfc08a8 100644
--- a/lib/index.js
+++ b/lib/index.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const Sharp = require('./constructor');
diff --git a/lib/input.js b/lib/input.js
index 58c33c22..56779f2f 100644
--- a/lib/input.js
+++ b/lib/input.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const color = require('color');
diff --git a/lib/is.js b/lib/is.js
index a7724a63..364778f2 100644
--- a/lib/is.js
+++ b/lib/is.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 /**
diff --git a/lib/libvips.js b/lib/libvips.js
index 231a76c6..003c9317 100644
--- a/lib/libvips.js
+++ b/lib/libvips.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/lib/operation.js b/lib/operation.js
index 421df10f..e14bd641 100644
--- a/lib/operation.js
+++ b/lib/operation.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const color = require('color');
diff --git a/lib/output.js b/lib/output.js
index 1a16262b..3825d044 100644
--- a/lib/output.js
+++ b/lib/output.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const path = require('path');
diff --git a/lib/platform.js b/lib/platform.js
index 94c91ae9..71454e3e 100644
--- a/lib/platform.js
+++ b/lib/platform.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const detectLibc = require('detect-libc');
diff --git a/lib/resize.js b/lib/resize.js
index e2222416..aa7a22a7 100644
--- a/lib/resize.js
+++ b/lib/resize.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const is = require('./is');
diff --git a/lib/sharp.js b/lib/sharp.js
index e9010913..a41e83d0 100644
--- a/lib/sharp.js
+++ b/lib/sharp.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const platformAndArch = require('./platform')();
diff --git a/lib/utility.js b/lib/utility.js
index c35145f9..7934f9d3 100644
--- a/lib/utility.js
+++ b/lib/utility.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/src/common.cc b/src/common.cc
index f8ec368b..1ba6fe8d 100644
--- a/src/common.cc
+++ b/src/common.cc
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/src/common.h b/src/common.h
index 476382d0..fd650d07 100644
--- a/src/common.h
+++ b/src/common.h
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #ifndef SRC_COMMON_H_
 #define SRC_COMMON_H_
diff --git a/src/metadata.cc b/src/metadata.cc
index cb69b034..66bc2cea 100644
--- a/src/metadata.cc
+++ b/src/metadata.cc
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #include <numeric>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/src/metadata.h b/src/metadata.h
index 6228df5f..3030ae29 100644
--- a/src/metadata.h
+++ b/src/metadata.h
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #ifndef SRC_METADATA_H_
 #define SRC_METADATA_H_
diff --git a/src/operations.cc b/src/operations.cc
index 94169961..59d43b51 100644
--- a/src/operations.cc
+++ b/src/operations.cc
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <functional>
diff --git a/src/operations.h b/src/operations.h
index eabb1212..d5ac810f 100644
--- a/src/operations.h
+++ b/src/operations.h
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #ifndef SRC_OPERATIONS_H_
 #define SRC_OPERATIONS_H_
diff --git a/src/pipeline.cc b/src/pipeline.cc
index f13e70c7..63d2b982 100644
--- a/src/pipeline.cc
+++ b/src/pipeline.cc
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
diff --git a/src/pipeline.h b/src/pipeline.h
index 1612eded..fa092b6a 100644
--- a/src/pipeline.h
+++ b/src/pipeline.h
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #ifndef SRC_PIPELINE_H_
 #define SRC_PIPELINE_H_
diff --git a/src/sharp.cc b/src/sharp.cc
index 53853743..927cb5f5 100644
--- a/src/sharp.cc
+++ b/src/sharp.cc
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #include <napi.h>
 #include <vips/vips8>
diff --git a/src/stats.cc b/src/stats.cc
index 8a0ec7a2..735e0ff5 100644
--- a/src/stats.cc
+++ b/src/stats.cc
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #include <numeric>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/src/stats.h b/src/stats.h
index 8d9dca5f..c80e65fa 100644
--- a/src/stats.h
+++ b/src/stats.h
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #ifndef SRC_STATS_H_
 #define SRC_STATS_H_
diff --git a/src/utilities.cc b/src/utilities.cc
index ec2eb931..c9393f98 100644
--- a/src/utilities.cc
+++ b/src/utilities.cc
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/src/utilities.h b/src/utilities.h
index 5659feea..7e427f07 100644
--- a/src/utilities.h
+++ b/src/utilities.h
@@ -1,16 +1,5 @@
-// Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 #ifndef SRC_UTILITIES_H_
 #define SRC_UTILITIES_H_
diff --git a/test/beforeEach.js b/test/beforeEach.js
index 34feda9f..5a4d4fea 100644
--- a/test/beforeEach.js
+++ b/test/beforeEach.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const sharp = require('../');
diff --git a/test/bench/parallel.js b/test/bench/parallel.js
index bff21042..6f4931f9 100644
--- a/test/bench/parallel.js
+++ b/test/bench/parallel.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 process.env.UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE = 64;
diff --git a/test/bench/perf.js b/test/bench/perf.js
index 422decd1..9a267231 100644
--- a/test/bench/perf.js
+++ b/test/bench/perf.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const os = require('os');
diff --git a/test/bench/random.js b/test/bench/random.js
index b092d218..3616daac 100644
--- a/test/bench/random.js
+++ b/test/bench/random.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const imagemagick = require('imagemagick');
diff --git a/test/fixtures/index.js b/test/fixtures/index.js
index 50a77569..a436e8ea 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/index.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/index.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const path = require('path');
diff --git a/test/saliency/humanae/download.js b/test/saliency/humanae/download.js
index 7a43fd42..e3d07ddb 100644
--- a/test/saliency/humanae/download.js
+++ b/test/saliency/humanae/download.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/saliency/humanae/tone.js b/test/saliency/humanae/tone.js
index 65f37d1a..7081614a 100644
--- a/test/saliency/humanae/tone.js
+++ b/test/saliency/humanae/tone.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/saliency/report.js b/test/saliency/report.js
index c1daf4f7..66534675 100644
--- a/test/saliency/report.js
+++ b/test/saliency/report.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const os = require('os');
diff --git a/test/saliency/userData.js b/test/saliency/userData.js
index 924f6062..6284ce61 100644
--- a/test/saliency/userData.js
+++ b/test/saliency/userData.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/affine.js b/test/unit/affine.js
index b430d8b5..2122f007 100644
--- a/test/unit/affine.js
+++ b/test/unit/affine.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/agent.js b/test/unit/agent.js
index caf7f764..99ba4825 100644
--- a/test/unit/agent.js
+++ b/test/unit/agent.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/alpha.js b/test/unit/alpha.js
index c39c1d64..c7c0d6e6 100644
--- a/test/unit/alpha.js
+++ b/test/unit/alpha.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/avif.js b/test/unit/avif.js
index 12ff888e..e546c2f1 100644
--- a/test/unit/avif.js
+++ b/test/unit/avif.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/bandbool.js b/test/unit/bandbool.js
index dfc98cde..66ad404c 100644
--- a/test/unit/bandbool.js
+++ b/test/unit/bandbool.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/blur.js b/test/unit/blur.js
index 72b85303..ae63e40d 100644
--- a/test/unit/blur.js
+++ b/test/unit/blur.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/boolean.js b/test/unit/boolean.js
index 98680c1a..c5fcaf67 100644
--- a/test/unit/boolean.js
+++ b/test/unit/boolean.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/clahe.js b/test/unit/clahe.js
index e4247e52..9c93536b 100644
--- a/test/unit/clahe.js
+++ b/test/unit/clahe.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/clone.js b/test/unit/clone.js
index 922ea48e..690792db 100644
--- a/test/unit/clone.js
+++ b/test/unit/clone.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/colourspace.js b/test/unit/colourspace.js
index 7853125a..532877cd 100644
--- a/test/unit/colourspace.js
+++ b/test/unit/colourspace.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/composite.js b/test/unit/composite.js
index e92eec49..e7811c75 100644
--- a/test/unit/composite.js
+++ b/test/unit/composite.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/convolve.js b/test/unit/convolve.js
index 2d415549..dfb8dd52 100644
--- a/test/unit/convolve.js
+++ b/test/unit/convolve.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/extend.js b/test/unit/extend.js
index 2ce2abb2..18c64863 100644
--- a/test/unit/extend.js
+++ b/test/unit/extend.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/extract.js b/test/unit/extract.js
index eb51fc82..f69f584f 100644
--- a/test/unit/extract.js
+++ b/test/unit/extract.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/extractChannel.js b/test/unit/extractChannel.js
index ee249257..59c53600 100644
--- a/test/unit/extractChannel.js
+++ b/test/unit/extractChannel.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/failOn.js b/test/unit/failOn.js
index cad109d1..51f4f498 100644
--- a/test/unit/failOn.js
+++ b/test/unit/failOn.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/fixtures.js b/test/unit/fixtures.js
index 8fecf2de..fb0ee74e 100644
--- a/test/unit/fixtures.js
+++ b/test/unit/fixtures.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/gamma.js b/test/unit/gamma.js
index da8feea9..934a4519 100644
--- a/test/unit/gamma.js
+++ b/test/unit/gamma.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/gif.js b/test/unit/gif.js
index e88b18c2..1e05b63d 100644
--- a/test/unit/gif.js
+++ b/test/unit/gif.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/heif.js b/test/unit/heif.js
index b8568247..dae4b8dd 100644
--- a/test/unit/heif.js
+++ b/test/unit/heif.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/io.js b/test/unit/io.js
index b32e8b80..137bdc43 100644
--- a/test/unit/io.js
+++ b/test/unit/io.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/joinChannel.js b/test/unit/joinChannel.js
index 1fd9cae5..acc0e767 100644
--- a/test/unit/joinChannel.js
+++ b/test/unit/joinChannel.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/jp2.js b/test/unit/jp2.js
index 4b7dcf4c..79efac6d 100644
--- a/test/unit/jp2.js
+++ b/test/unit/jp2.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/jpeg.js b/test/unit/jpeg.js
index f368843c..8c461664 100644
--- a/test/unit/jpeg.js
+++ b/test/unit/jpeg.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/jxl.js b/test/unit/jxl.js
index f7bfad17..32200407 100644
--- a/test/unit/jxl.js
+++ b/test/unit/jxl.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/libvips.js b/test/unit/libvips.js
index af1528d6..31ba655f 100644
--- a/test/unit/libvips.js
+++ b/test/unit/libvips.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/linear.js b/test/unit/linear.js
index 8b054303..3e88c4d8 100644
--- a/test/unit/linear.js
+++ b/test/unit/linear.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const sharp = require('../../');
diff --git a/test/unit/median.js b/test/unit/median.js
index b2bc56fb..093ff1d2 100644
--- a/test/unit/median.js
+++ b/test/unit/median.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/metadata.js b/test/unit/metadata.js
index 9596ea6d..ac716339 100644
--- a/test/unit/metadata.js
+++ b/test/unit/metadata.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/modulate.js b/test/unit/modulate.js
index e6ce41f9..988fc055 100644
--- a/test/unit/modulate.js
+++ b/test/unit/modulate.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const sharp = require('../../');
diff --git a/test/unit/negate.js b/test/unit/negate.js
index 5b6557da..646b9b13 100644
--- a/test/unit/negate.js
+++ b/test/unit/negate.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/noise.js b/test/unit/noise.js
index 864851ab..bdd6bbbc 100644
--- a/test/unit/noise.js
+++ b/test/unit/noise.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/normalize.js b/test/unit/normalize.js
index 33a25b52..422248e2 100644
--- a/test/unit/normalize.js
+++ b/test/unit/normalize.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/platform.js b/test/unit/platform.js
index 40eee1d8..402ee28b 100644
--- a/test/unit/platform.js
+++ b/test/unit/platform.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/png.js b/test/unit/png.js
index 3b4c4b33..a9ee09d8 100644
--- a/test/unit/png.js
+++ b/test/unit/png.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/raw.js b/test/unit/raw.js
index e3513ed0..7976ccd4 100644
--- a/test/unit/raw.js
+++ b/test/unit/raw.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/recomb.js b/test/unit/recomb.js
index df880fe5..9b000e6f 100644
--- a/test/unit/recomb.js
+++ b/test/unit/recomb.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/resize-contain.js b/test/unit/resize-contain.js
index 7a0a2e92..04c70df1 100644
--- a/test/unit/resize-contain.js
+++ b/test/unit/resize-contain.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/resize-cover.js b/test/unit/resize-cover.js
index ec7c9466..95ce1b01 100644
--- a/test/unit/resize-cover.js
+++ b/test/unit/resize-cover.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/resize.js b/test/unit/resize.js
index 190515ad..a184d028 100644
--- a/test/unit/resize.js
+++ b/test/unit/resize.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/rotate.js b/test/unit/rotate.js
index 33dfb18f..ded228b1 100644
--- a/test/unit/rotate.js
+++ b/test/unit/rotate.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/sharpen.js b/test/unit/sharpen.js
index fd8c5cd9..8d447ba1 100644
--- a/test/unit/sharpen.js
+++ b/test/unit/sharpen.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/stats.js b/test/unit/stats.js
index fd611777..72e42fc7 100644
--- a/test/unit/stats.js
+++ b/test/unit/stats.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/svg.js b/test/unit/svg.js
index 4e11922e..46c1456c 100644
--- a/test/unit/svg.js
+++ b/test/unit/svg.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/text.js b/test/unit/text.js
index e993c8a1..2643e214 100644
--- a/test/unit/text.js
+++ b/test/unit/text.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/threshold.js b/test/unit/threshold.js
index f1d6af77..1f93d659 100644
--- a/test/unit/threshold.js
+++ b/test/unit/threshold.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/tiff.js b/test/unit/tiff.js
index 787f1215..efa148ae 100644
--- a/test/unit/tiff.js
+++ b/test/unit/tiff.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/tile.js b/test/unit/tile.js
index 73f31299..8a6ece28 100644
--- a/test/unit/tile.js
+++ b/test/unit/tile.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');
diff --git a/test/unit/timeout.js b/test/unit/timeout.js
index b334dd0d..c04d2411 100644
--- a/test/unit/timeout.js
+++ b/test/unit/timeout.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/tint.js b/test/unit/tint.js
index fcadb789..a7805946 100644
--- a/test/unit/tint.js
+++ b/test/unit/tint.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/toBuffer.js b/test/unit/toBuffer.js
index 8c9da6ef..4db428b9 100644
--- a/test/unit/toBuffer.js
+++ b/test/unit/toBuffer.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/toFormat.js b/test/unit/toFormat.js
index acc680d5..a48742db 100644
--- a/test/unit/toFormat.js
+++ b/test/unit/toFormat.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/trim.js b/test/unit/trim.js
index f1619b59..1025e697 100644
--- a/test/unit/trim.js
+++ b/test/unit/trim.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/util.js b/test/unit/util.js
index 035e357b..a82c2fe0 100644
--- a/test/unit/util.js
+++ b/test/unit/util.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const assert = require('assert');
diff --git a/test/unit/webp.js b/test/unit/webp.js
index fbbb7ad2..760a6d10 100644
--- a/test/unit/webp.js
+++ b/test/unit/webp.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 'use strict';
 
 const fs = require('fs');