CI: ensure Linux ARM64 prebuild token is passed into container

* Determine input raw pixel depth from the given typed array
* Allow pixel depth to be set on raw output

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+version: 2.1
+
+workflows:
+  build:
+    jobs:
+      - linux-arm64-glibc-node-12:
+          filters:
+            tags:
+              only: /^v.*/
+      - linux-arm64-musl-node-12:
+          filters:
+            tags:
+              only: /^v.*/
+      - linux-arm64-glibc-node-16:
+          filters:
+            tags:
+              only: /^v.*/
+      - linux-arm64-musl-node-16:
+          filters:
+            tags:
+              only: /^v.*/
+
+jobs:
+  linux-arm64-glibc-node-12:
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:202101-01
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run: |
+          sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp arm64v8/debian:bullseye
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git python3 curl"
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/gpgkey/nodesource.gpg.key | apt-key add -"
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "echo 'deb https://deb.nodesource.com/node_12.x sid main' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/nodesource.list"
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y nodejs"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
+      - run: "[[ -n $CIRCLE_TAG ]] && sudo docker exec --env prebuild_upload sharp sh -c \"npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 5 --upload=$prebuild_upload\" || true"
+  linux-arm64-glibc-node-16:
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:202101-01
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run: |
+          sudo chown 0.0 ${PWD}
+          sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp arm64v8/debian:bullseye
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git python3 curl"
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/gpgkey/nodesource.gpg.key | apt-key add -"
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "echo 'deb https://deb.nodesource.com/node_16.x sid main' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/nodesource.list"
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y nodejs"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
+  linux-arm64-musl-node-12:
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:202101-01
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run: |
+          sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp node:12-alpine3.11
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apk add build-base git python3 --update-cache"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
+      - run: "[[ -n $CIRCLE_TAG ]] && sudo docker exec --env prebuild_upload sharp sh -c \"npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 5 --upload=$prebuild_upload\" || true"
+  linux-arm64-musl-node-16:
+    resource_class: arm.medium
+    machine:
+      image: ubuntu-2004:202101-01
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - run: |
+          sudo chown 0.0 ${PWD}
+          sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp node:16-alpine3.11
+          sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apk add build-base git python3 --update-cache"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
+      - run: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"

.cirrus.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ task:
   name: FreeBSD 13.0
   env:
     IGNORE_OSVERSION: yes
+  skip_notifications: true
   prerequisites_script:
     - pkg update -f
     - pkg upgrade -y

.github/workflows/ci-darwin-arm64v8.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+name: CI (MacStadium)
+on:
+  - push
+  - pull_request
+jobs:
+  CI:
+    runs-on: macos-m1
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        shell: /usr/bin/arch -arch arm64e /bin/bash -l {0}
+    steps:
+      - name: Dependencies
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
+        with:
+          node-version: 16
+          architecture: arm64
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Install
+        run: npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm
+      - name: Test
+        run: npm test
+      - name: Prebuild
+        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+        env:
+          prebuild_upload: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 5

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+name: CI (GitHub)
 on:
   - push
   - pull_request
@@ -11,53 +12,46 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
             container: centos:7
-            nodejs_version: 10
+            nodejs_version: 12
             coverage: true
             prebuild: true
-          - os: ubuntu-20.04
-            container: centos:7
-            nodejs_version: 12
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
             container: centos:7
             nodejs_version: 14
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
             container: centos:7
-            nodejs_version: 15
+            nodejs_version: 16
-          - os: ubuntu-20.04
-            container: node:10-alpine3.11
-            prebuild: true
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
             container: node:12-alpine3.11
+            prebuild: true
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
             container: node:14-alpine3.11
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
             container: node:14-alpine3.13
           - os: ubuntu-20.04
-            container: node:15-alpine3.11
+            container: node:16-alpine3.11
-          - os: macos-10.15
-            nodejs_version: 10
-            prebuild: true
           - os: macos-10.15
             nodejs_version: 12
+            prebuild: true
           - os: macos-10.15
             nodejs_version: 14
           - os: macos-10.15
-            nodejs_version: 15
+            nodejs_version: 16
-          - os: windows-2019
-            nodejs_version: 10
-            prebuild: true
           - os: windows-2019
             nodejs_version: 12
+            prebuild: true
           - os: windows-2019
             nodejs_version: 14
           - os: windows-2019
-            nodejs_version: 15
+            nodejs_version: 16
     steps:
       - name: Dependencies (Linux glibc)
         if: contains(matrix.container, 'centos')
         run: |
           curl -sL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_${{ matrix.nodejs_version }}.x | bash -
-          yum install -y gcc-c++ make git python3 nodejs
+          yum install -y centos-release-scl
+          yum install -y devtoolset-10-gcc-c++ make git python3 nodejs
+          echo "/opt/rh/devtoolset-10/root/usr/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
       - name: Dependencies (Linux musl)
         if: contains(matrix.container, 'alpine')
         run: apk add build-base git python3 --update-cache
@@ -84,4 +78,4 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.prebuild && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
         env:
           prebuild_upload: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        run: npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 3
+        run: npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 5

.prebuildrc

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "include-regex": "(sharp\\.node|libvips-cpp\\.dll)",
+  "include-regex": "(sharp-.+\\.node|libvips-cpp\\.dll)",
   "strip": true
 }

.travis.yml

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-jobs:
-  include:
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Debian 11, glibc 2.29) - Node.js 10"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: bionic
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp arm64v8/debian:bullseye
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git python3 curl"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/gpgkey/nodesource.gpg.key | apt-key add -"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "echo 'deb https://deb.nodesource.com/node_10.x sid main' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/nodesource.list"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y nodejs=10.*"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-      after_success: "[[ -n $TRAVIS_TAG ]] && sudo docker exec --env prebuild_upload sharp sh -c \"npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 3\""
-
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Debian 11, glibc 2.29) - Node.js 12"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: bionic
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp arm64v8/debian:bullseye
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git python3 curl"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/gpgkey/nodesource.gpg.key | apt-key add -"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "echo 'deb https://deb.nodesource.com/node_12.x sid main' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/nodesource.list"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y nodejs"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Debian 11, glibc 2.29) - Node.js 14"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: bionic
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp arm64v8/debian:bullseye
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git python3 curl"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/gpgkey/nodesource.gpg.key | apt-key add -"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "echo 'deb https://deb.nodesource.com/node_14.x sid main' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/nodesource.list"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y nodejs"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Debian 11, glibc 2.29) - Node.js 15"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: bionic
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo chown 0.0 ${PWD}
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp arm64v8/debian:bullseye
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y build-essential git python3 curl"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/gpgkey/nodesource.gpg.key | apt-key add -"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "echo 'deb https://deb.nodesource.com/node_15.x sid main' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/nodesource.list"
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apt-get update && apt-get install -y nodejs"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Alpine 3.11, musl 1.1.24) - Node.js 10"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: focal
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp node:10-alpine3.11
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apk add build-base git python3 --update-cache"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-      after_success: "[[ -n $TRAVIS_TAG ]] && sudo docker exec --env prebuild_upload sharp sh -c \"npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 3\""
-
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Alpine 3.11, musl 1.1.24) - Node.js 12"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: focal
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp node:12-alpine3.11
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apk add build-base git python3 --update-cache"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Alpine 3.11, musl 1.1.24) - Node.js 14"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: focal
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp node:14-alpine3.11
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apk add build-base git python3 --update-cache"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-
-    - name: "Linux ARM64v8 (Alpine 3.11, musl 1.1.24) - Node.js 15"
-      arch: arm64
-      os: linux
-      dist: focal
-      language: shell
-      before_install:
-        - sudo chown 0.0 ${PWD}
-        - sudo docker run -dit --name sharp --volume "${PWD}:/mnt/sharp" --workdir /mnt/sharp node:15-alpine3.11
-        - sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "apk add build-base git python3 --update-cache"
-      install: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm install --build-from-source --unsafe-perm"
-      script: sudo docker exec sharp sh -c "npm test"
-
-cache:
-  npm: false

README.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Lanczos resampling ensures quality is not sacrificed for speed.
 As well as image resizing, operations such as
 rotation, extraction, compositing and gamma correction are available.
 
-Most modern macOS, Windows and Linux systems running Node.js v10+
+Most modern macOS, Windows and Linux systems running Node.js >= 12.13.0
 do not require any additional install or runtime dependencies.
 
 ## Documentation
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ A [guide for contributors](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/blob/master/.github/C
 covers reporting bugs, requesting features and submitting code changes.
 
 [![Test Coverage](https://coveralls.io/repos/lovell/sharp/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/lovell/sharp?branch=master)
-[![N-API v3](https://img.shields.io/badge/N--API-v3-green.svg)](https://nodejs.org/dist/latest/docs/api/n-api.html#n_api_n_api_version_matrix)
+[![Node-API v5](https://img.shields.io/badge/Node--API-v5-green.svg)](https://nodejs.org/dist/latest/docs/api/n-api.html#n_api_n_api_version_matrix)
 
 ## Licensing
 

appveyor.yml

@@ -4,15 +4,14 @@ build: off
 platform: x86
 environment:
   matrix:
-  - nodejs_version: "10"
-    prebuild: true
   - nodejs_version: "12"
+    prebuild: true
   - nodejs_version: "14"
-  - nodejs_version: "15"
+  - nodejs_version: "16"
 install:
   - ps: Update-NodeJsInstallation (Get-NodeJsLatestBuild $env:nodejs_version)
   - npm install --build-from-source
 test_script:
   - npm test
 on_success:
-  - if [%prebuild%] == [true] if [%APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG%] == [true] npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 3
+  - if [%prebuild%] == [true] if [%APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG%] == [true] npx prebuild --runtime napi --target 5

binding.gyp

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 {
   'variables': {
     'vips_version': '<!(node -p "require(\'./lib/libvips\').minimumLibvipsVersion")',
-    'sharp_vendor_dir': '<(module_root_dir)/vendor/<(vips_version)'
+    'platform_and_arch': '<!(node -p "require(\'./lib/platform\')()")',
+    'sharp_vendor_dir': './vendor/<(vips_version)/<(platform_and_arch)'
   },
   'targets': [{
     'target_name': 'libvips-cpp',
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@
             'msvs_settings': {
               'VCCLCompilerTool': {
                 'ExceptionHandling': 1,
+                'Optimization': 1,
                 'WholeProgramOptimization': 'true'
               },
               'VCLibrarianTool': {
@@ -65,9 +67,9 @@
       }]
     ]
   }, {
-    'target_name': 'sharp',
+    'target_name': 'sharp-<(platform_and_arch)',
     'defines': [
-      'NAPI_VERSION=3'
+      'NAPI_VERSION=5'
     ],
     'dependencies': [
       '<!(node -p "require(\'node-addon-api\').gyp")',
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@
           }],
           ['OS == "mac"', {
             'link_settings': {
-              'library_dirs': ['<(sharp_vendor_dir)/lib'],
+              'library_dirs': ['../<(sharp_vendor_dir)/lib'],
               'libraries': [
                 'libvips-cpp.42.dylib'
               ]
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@
             'xcode_settings': {
               'OTHER_LDFLAGS': [
                 # Ensure runtime linking is relative to sharp.node
-                '-Wl,-rpath,\'@loader_path/../../vendor/<(vips_version)/lib\''
+                '-Wl,-rpath,\'@loader_path/../../<(sharp_vendor_dir)/lib\''
               ]
             }
           }],
@@ -155,13 +157,13 @@
               '_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=1'
             ],
             'link_settings': {
-              'library_dirs': ['<(sharp_vendor_dir)/lib'],
+              'library_dirs': ['../<(sharp_vendor_dir)/lib'],
               'libraries': [
                 '-l:libvips-cpp.so.42'
               ],
               'ldflags': [
                 # Ensure runtime linking is relative to sharp.node
-                '-Wl,-s -Wl,--disable-new-dtags -Wl,-rpath=\'$$ORIGIN/../../vendor/<(vips_version)/lib\''
+                '-Wl,-s -Wl,--disable-new-dtags -Wl,-rpath=\'$$ORIGIN/../../<(sharp_vendor_dir)/lib\''
               ]
             }
           }]
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@
       '-std=c++0x',
       '-fexceptions',
       '-Wall',
-      '-O3'
+      '-Os'
     ],
     'xcode_settings': {
       'CLANG_CXX_LANGUAGE_STANDARD': 'c++11',
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@
       'OTHER_CPLUSPLUSFLAGS': [
         '-fexceptions',
         '-Wall',
-        '-O3'
+        '-Oz'
       ]
     },
     'configurations': {
@@ -202,6 +204,7 @@
             'msvs_settings': {
               'VCCLCompilerTool': {
                 'ExceptionHandling': 1,
+                'Optimization': 1,
                 'WholeProgramOptimization': 'true'
               },
               'VCLibrarianTool': {

docs/README.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Lanczos resampling ensures quality is not sacrificed for speed.
 As well as image resizing, operations such as
 rotation, extraction, compositing and gamma correction are available.
 
-Most modern macOS, Windows and Linux systems running Node.js v10+
+Most modern macOS, Windows and Linux systems running Node.js >= 12.13.0
 do not require any additional install or runtime dependencies.
 
 ### Formats

docs/api-channel.md

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 Remove alpha channel, if any. This is a no-op if the image does not have an alpha channel.
 
+See also [flatten][1].
+
 ### Examples
 
 ```javascript
@@ -18,23 +20,38 @@ Returns **Sharp**
 
 ## ensureAlpha
 
-Ensure alpha channel, if missing. The added alpha channel will be fully opaque. This is a no-op if the image already has an alpha channel.
+Ensure the output image has an alpha transparency channel.
+If missing, the added alpha channel will have the specified
+transparency level, defaulting to fully-opaque (1).
+This is a no-op if the image already has an alpha channel.
+
+### Parameters
+
+*   `alpha` **[number][2]** alpha transparency level (0=fully-transparent, 1=fully-opaque) (optional, default `1`)
 
 ### Examples
 
 ```javascript
-sharp('rgb.jpg')
+// rgba.png will be a 4 channel image with a fully-opaque alpha channel
+await sharp('rgb.jpg')
   .ensureAlpha()
-  .toFile('rgba.png', function(err, info) {
+  .toFile('rgba.png')
-    // rgba.png is a 4 channel image with a fully opaque alpha channel
-  });
 ```
 
+```javascript
+// rgba is a 4 channel image with a fully-transparent alpha channel
+const rgba = await sharp(rgb)
+  .ensureAlpha(0)
+  .toBuffer();
+```
+
+*   Throws **[Error][3]** Invalid alpha transparency level
+
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
 **Meta**
 
--   **since**: 0.21.2
+*   **since**: 0.21.2
 
 ## extractChannel
 
@@ -42,21 +59,26 @@ Extract a single channel from a multi-channel image.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `channel` **([number][1] \| [string][2])** zero-indexed channel/band number to extract, or `red`, `green`, `blue` or `alpha`.
+*   `channel` **([number][2] | [string][4])** zero-indexed channel/band number to extract, or `red`, `green`, `blue` or `alpha`.
 
 ### Examples
 
 ```javascript
-sharp(input)
+// green.jpg is a greyscale image containing the green channel of the input
+await sharp(input)
   .extractChannel('green')
-  .toColourspace('b-w')
+  .toFile('green.jpg');
-  .toFile('green.jpg', function(err, info) {
-    // info.channels === 1
-    // green.jpg is a greyscale image containing the green channel of the input
-   });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][3]** Invalid channel
+```javascript
+// red1 is the red value of the first pixel, red2 the second pixel etc.
+const [red1, red2, ...] = await sharp(input)
+  .extractChannel(0)
+  .raw()
+  .toBuffer();
+```
+
+*   Throws **[Error][3]** Invalid channel
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -67,19 +89,20 @@ The meaning of the added channels depends on the output colourspace, set with `t
 By default the output image will be web-friendly sRGB, with additional channels interpreted as alpha channels.
 Channel ordering follows vips convention:
 
--   sRGB: 0: Red, 1: Green, 2: Blue, 3: Alpha.
+*   sRGB: 0: Red, 1: Green, 2: Blue, 3: Alpha.
--   CMYK: 0: Magenta, 1: Cyan, 2: Yellow, 3: Black, 4: Alpha.
+*   CMYK: 0: Magenta, 1: Cyan, 2: Yellow, 3: Black, 4: Alpha.
 
 Buffers may be any of the image formats supported by sharp.
 For raw pixel input, the `options` object should contain a `raw` attribute, which follows the format of the attribute of the same name in the `sharp()` constructor.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `images` **([Array][4]<([string][2] \| [Buffer][5])> | [string][2] \| [Buffer][5])** one or more images (file paths, Buffers).
+*   `images` **([Array][5]<([string][4] | [Buffer][6])> | [string][4] | [Buffer][6])** one or more images (file paths, Buffers).
--   `options` **[Object][6]** image options, see `sharp()` constructor.
+*   `options` **[Object][7]** image options, see `sharp()` constructor.
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][3]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][3]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -89,7 +112,7 @@ Perform a bitwise boolean operation on all input image channels (bands) to produ
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `boolOp` **[string][2]** one of `and`, `or` or `eor` to perform that bitwise operation, like the C logic operators `&`, `|` and `^` respectively.
+*   `boolOp` **[string][4]** one of `and`, `or` or `eor` to perform that bitwise operation, like the C logic operators `&`, `|` and `^` respectively.
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -103,18 +126,20 @@ sharp('3-channel-rgb-input.png')
   });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][3]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][3]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
-[1]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number
+[1]: /api-operation#flatten
 
-[2]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String
+[2]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number
 
 [3]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error
 
-[4]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array
+[4]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String
 
-[5]: https://nodejs.org/api/buffer.html
+[5]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array
 
-[6]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object
+[6]: https://nodejs.org/api/buffer.html
+
+[7]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object

docs/api-colour.md

@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ An alpha channel may be present and will be unchanged by the operation.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `rgb` **([string][1] \| [Object][2])** parsed by the [color][3] module to extract chroma values.
+*   `rgb` **([string][1] | [Object][2])** parsed by the [color][3] module to extract chroma values.
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameter
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameter
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ An alpha channel may be present, and will be unchanged by the operation.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `greyscale` **[Boolean][5]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `greyscale` **[Boolean][5]**  (optional, default `true`)
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -35,7 +36,52 @@ Alternative spelling of `greyscale`.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `grayscale` **[Boolean][5]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `grayscale` **[Boolean][5]**  (optional, default `true`)
+
+Returns **Sharp** 
+
+## pipelineColourspace
+
+Set the pipeline colourspace.
+
+The input image will be converted to the provided colourspace at the start of the pipeline.
+All operations will use this colourspace before converting to the output colourspace, as defined by [toColourspace][6].
+
+This feature is experimental and has not yet been fully-tested with all operations.
+
+### Parameters
+
+*   `colourspace` **[string][1]?** pipeline colourspace e.g. `rgb16`, `scrgb`, `lab`, `grey16` [...][7]
+
+### Examples
+
+```javascript
+// Run pipeline in 16 bits per channel RGB while converting final result to 8 bits per channel sRGB.
+await sharp(input)
+ .pipelineColourspace('rgb16')
+ .toColourspace('srgb')
+ .toFile('16bpc-pipeline-to-8bpc-output.png')
+```
+
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
+
+Returns **Sharp** 
+
+**Meta**
+
+*   **since**: 0.29.0
+
+## pipelineColorspace
+
+Alternative spelling of `pipelineColourspace`.
+
+### Parameters
+
+*   `colorspace` **[string][1]?** pipeline colorspace.
+
+<!---->
+
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -46,7 +92,7 @@ By default output image will be web-friendly sRGB, with additional channels inte
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `colourspace` **[string][1]?** output colourspace e.g. `srgb`, `rgb`, `cmyk`, `lab`, `b-w` [...][6]
+*   `colourspace` **[string][1]?** output colourspace e.g. `srgb`, `rgb`, `cmyk`, `lab`, `b-w` [...][8]
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -57,7 +103,7 @@ await sharp(input)
  .toFile('16-bpp.png')
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -67,10 +113,11 @@ Alternative spelling of `toColourspace`.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `colorspace` **[string][1]?** output colorspace.
+*   `colorspace` **[string][1]?** output colorspace.
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -84,4 +131,8 @@ Returns **Sharp**
 
 [5]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean
 
-[6]: https://github.com/libvips/libvips/blob/master/libvips/iofuncs/enumtypes.c#L568
+[6]: #tocolourspace
+
+[7]: https://github.com/libvips/libvips/blob/41cff4e9d0838498487a00623462204eb10ee5b8/libvips/iofuncs/enumtypes.c#L774
+
+[8]: https://github.com/libvips/libvips/blob/3c0bfdf74ce1dc37a6429bed47fa76f16e2cd70a/libvips/iofuncs/enumtypes.c#L777-L794

docs/api-composite.md

@@ -19,24 +19,30 @@ and [https://www.cairographics.org/operators/][2]
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `images` **[Array][3]<[Object][4]>** Ordered list of images to composite
+*   `images` **[Array][3]<[Object][4]>** Ordered list of images to composite
-    -   `images[].input` **([Buffer][5] \| [String][6])?** Buffer containing image data, String containing the path to an image file, or Create object (see below)
+
-        -   `images[].input.create` **[Object][4]?** describes a blank overlay to be created.
+    *   `images[].input` **([Buffer][5] | [String][6])?** Buffer containing image data, String containing the path to an image file, or Create object (see below)
-            -   `images[].input.create.width` **[Number][7]?** 
+
-            -   `images[].input.create.height` **[Number][7]?** 
+        *   `images[].input.create` **[Object][4]?** describes a blank overlay to be created.
-            -   `images[].input.create.channels` **[Number][7]?** 3-4
+
-            -   `images[].input.create.background` **([String][6] \| [Object][4])?** parsed by the [color][8] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha.
+            *   `images[].input.create.width` **[Number][7]?** 
-    -   `images[].blend` **[String][6]** how to blend this image with the image below. (optional, default `'over'`)
+            *   `images[].input.create.height` **[Number][7]?** 
-    -   `images[].gravity` **[String][6]** gravity at which to place the overlay. (optional, default `'centre'`)
+            *   `images[].input.create.channels` **[Number][7]?** 3-4
-    -   `images[].top` **[Number][7]?** the pixel offset from the top edge.
+            *   `images[].input.create.background` **([String][6] | [Object][4])?** parsed by the [color][8] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha.
-    -   `images[].left` **[Number][7]?** the pixel offset from the left edge.
+    *   `images[].blend` **[String][6]** how to blend this image with the image below. (optional, default `'over'`)
-    -   `images[].tile` **[Boolean][9]** set to true to repeat the overlay image across the entire image with the given `gravity`. (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `images[].gravity` **[String][6]** gravity at which to place the overlay. (optional, default `'centre'`)
-    -   `images[].premultiplied` **[Boolean][9]** set to true to avoid premultipling the image below. Equivalent to the `--premultiplied` vips option. (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `images[].top` **[Number][7]?** the pixel offset from the top edge.
-    -   `images[].density` **[Number][7]** number representing the DPI for vector overlay image. (optional, default `72`)
+    *   `images[].left` **[Number][7]?** the pixel offset from the left edge.
-    -   `images[].raw` **[Object][4]?** describes overlay when using raw pixel data.
+    *   `images[].tile` **[Boolean][9]** set to true to repeat the overlay image across the entire image with the given `gravity`. (optional, default `false`)
-        -   `images[].raw.width` **[Number][7]?** 
+    *   `images[].premultiplied` **[Boolean][9]** set to true to avoid premultipling the image below. Equivalent to the `--premultiplied` vips option. (optional, default `false`)
-        -   `images[].raw.height` **[Number][7]?** 
+    *   `images[].density` **[Number][7]** number representing the DPI for vector overlay image. (optional, default `72`)
-        -   `images[].raw.channels` **[Number][7]?** 
+    *   `images[].raw` **[Object][4]?** describes overlay when using raw pixel data.
+
+        *   `images[].raw.width` **[Number][7]?** 
+        *   `images[].raw.height` **[Number][7]?** 
+        *   `images[].raw.channels` **[Number][7]?** 
+    *   `images[].failOnError` **[boolean][9]** @see [constructor parameters][10] (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `images[].limitInputPixels` **([number][7] | [boolean][9])** @see [constructor parameters][10] (optional, default `268402689`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -57,13 +63,13 @@ sharp('input.png')
   });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][10]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][11]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
 **Meta**
 
--   **since**: 0.22.0
+*   **since**: 0.22.0
 
 [1]: https://libvips.github.io/libvips/API/current/libvips-conversion.html#VipsBlendMode
 
@@ -83,4 +89,6 @@ Returns **Sharp**
 
 [9]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean
 
-[10]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error
+[10]: /api-constructor#parameters
+
+[11]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

docs/api-constructor.md

@@ -13,36 +13,44 @@ Implements the [stream.Duplex][1] class.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `input` **([Buffer][2] \| [Uint8Array][3] \| [Uint8ClampedArray][4] \| [string][5])?** if present, can be
+*   `input` **([Buffer][2] | [Uint8Array][3] | [Uint8ClampedArray][4] | [Int8Array][5] | [Uint16Array][6] | [Int16Array][7] | [Uint32Array][8] | [Int32Array][9] | [Float32Array][10] | [Float64Array][11] | [string][12])?** if present, can be
-     a Buffer / Uint8Array / Uint8ClampedArray containing JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG, TIFF or raw pixel image data, or
+    a Buffer / Uint8Array / Uint8ClampedArray containing JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG or TIFF image data, or
-     a String containing the filesystem path to an JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG or TIFF image file.
+    a TypedArray containing raw pixel image data, or
-     JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG, TIFF or raw pixel image data can be streamed into the object when not present.
+    a String containing the filesystem path to an JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG or TIFF image file.
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** if present, is an Object with optional attributes.
+    JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG, TIFF or raw pixel image data can be streamed into the object when not present.
-    -   `options.failOnError` **[boolean][7]** by default halt processing and raise an error when loading invalid images.
+*   `options` **[Object][13]?** if present, is an Object with optional attributes.
-         Set this flag to `false` if you'd rather apply a "best effort" to decode images, even if the data is corrupt or invalid. (optional, default `true`)
+
-    -   `options.limitInputPixels` **([number][8] \| [boolean][7])** Do not process input images where the number of pixels
+    *   `options.failOnError` **[boolean][14]** by default halt processing and raise an error when loading invalid images.
-         (width x height) exceeds this limit. Assumes image dimensions contained in the input metadata can be trusted.
+        Set this flag to `false` if you'd rather apply a "best effort" to decode images, even if the data is corrupt or invalid. (optional, default `true`)
-         An integral Number of pixels, zero or false to remove limit, true to use default limit of 268402689 (0x3FFF x 0x3FFF). (optional, default `268402689`)
+    *   `options.limitInputPixels` **([number][15] | [boolean][14])** Do not process input images where the number of pixels
-    -   `options.sequentialRead` **[boolean][7]** Set this to `true` to use sequential rather than random access where possible.
+        (width x height) exceeds this limit. Assumes image dimensions contained in the input metadata can be trusted.
-         This can reduce memory usage and might improve performance on some systems. (optional, default `false`)
+        An integral Number of pixels, zero or false to remove limit, true to use default limit of 268402689 (0x3FFF x 0x3FFF). (optional, default `268402689`)
-    -   `options.density` **[number][8]** number representing the DPI for vector images in the range 1 to 100000. (optional, default `72`)
+    *   `options.sequentialRead` **[boolean][14]** Set this to `true` to use sequential rather than random access where possible.
-    -   `options.pages` **[number][8]** number of pages to extract for multi-page input (GIF, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, PDF), use -1 for all pages. (optional, default `1`)
+        This can reduce memory usage and might improve performance on some systems. (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.page` **[number][8]** page number to start extracting from for multi-page input (GIF, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, PDF), zero based. (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.density` **[number][15]** number representing the DPI for vector images in the range 1 to 100000. (optional, default `72`)
-    -   `options.level` **[number][8]** level to extract from a multi-level input (OpenSlide), zero based. (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.pages` **[number][15]** number of pages to extract for multi-page input (GIF, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, PDF), use -1 for all pages. (optional, default `1`)
-    -   `options.animated` **[boolean][7]** Set to `true` to read all frames/pages of an animated image (equivalent of setting `pages` to `-1`). (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.page` **[number][15]** page number to start extracting from for multi-page input (GIF, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, PDF), zero based. (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.raw` **[Object][6]?** describes raw pixel input image data. See `raw()` for pixel ordering.
+    *   `options.subifd` **[number][15]** subIFD (Sub Image File Directory) to extract for OME-TIFF, defaults to main image. (optional, default `-1`)
-        -   `options.raw.width` **[number][8]?** integral number of pixels wide.
+    *   `options.level` **[number][15]** level to extract from a multi-level input (OpenSlide), zero based. (optional, default `0`)
-        -   `options.raw.height` **[number][8]?** integral number of pixels high.
+    *   `options.animated` **[boolean][14]** Set to `true` to read all frames/pages of an animated image (equivalent of setting `pages` to `-1`). (optional, default `false`)
-        -   `options.raw.channels` **[number][8]?** integral number of channels, between 1 and 4.
+    *   `options.raw` **[Object][13]?** describes raw pixel input image data. See `raw()` for pixel ordering.
-    -   `options.create` **[Object][6]?** describes a new image to be created.
+
-        -   `options.create.width` **[number][8]?** integral number of pixels wide.
+        *   `options.raw.width` **[number][15]?** integral number of pixels wide.
-        -   `options.create.height` **[number][8]?** integral number of pixels high.
+        *   `options.raw.height` **[number][15]?** integral number of pixels high.
-        -   `options.create.channels` **[number][8]?** integral number of channels, either 3 (RGB) or 4 (RGBA).
+        *   `options.raw.channels` **[number][15]?** integral number of channels, between 1 and 4.
-        -   `options.create.background` **([string][5] \| [Object][6])?** parsed by the [color][9] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha.
+        *   `options.raw.premultiplied` **[boolean][14]?** specifies that the raw input has already been premultiplied, set to `true`
-        -   `options.create.noise` **[Object][6]?** describes a noise to be created.
+            to avoid sharp premultiplying the image. (optional, default `false`)
-            -   `options.create.noise.type` **[string][5]?** type of generated noise, currently only `gaussian` is supported.
+    *   `options.create` **[Object][13]?** describes a new image to be created.
-            -   `options.create.noise.mean` **[number][8]?** mean of pixels in generated noise.
+
-            -   `options.create.noise.sigma` **[number][8]?** standard deviation of pixels in generated noise.
+        *   `options.create.width` **[number][15]?** integral number of pixels wide.
+        *   `options.create.height` **[number][15]?** integral number of pixels high.
+        *   `options.create.channels` **[number][15]?** integral number of channels, either 3 (RGB) or 4 (RGBA).
+        *   `options.create.background` **([string][12] | [Object][13])?** parsed by the [color][16] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha.
+        *   `options.create.noise` **[Object][13]?** describes a noise to be created.
+
+            *   `options.create.noise.type` **[string][12]?** type of generated noise, currently only `gaussian` is supported.
+            *   `options.create.noise.mean` **[number][15]?** mean of pixels in generated noise.
+            *   `options.create.noise.sigma` **[number][15]?** standard deviation of pixels in generated noise.
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -119,9 +127,9 @@ await sharp({
 }).toFile('noise.png');
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][10]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][17]** Invalid parameters
 
-Returns **[Sharp][11]** 
+Returns **[Sharp][18]** 
 
 ## clone
 
@@ -189,7 +197,7 @@ Promise.all(promises)
   });
 ```
 
-Returns **[Sharp][11]** 
+Returns **[Sharp][18]** 
 
 [1]: http://nodejs.org/api/stream.html#stream_class_stream_duplex
 
@@ -199,16 +207,30 @@ Returns **[Sharp][11]**
 
 [4]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8ClampedArray
 
-[5]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String
+[5]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int8Array
 
-[6]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object
+[6]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint16Array
 
-[7]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean
+[7]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int16Array
 
-[8]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number
+[8]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint32Array
 
-[9]: https://www.npmjs.org/package/color
+[9]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Int32Array
 
-[10]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error
+[10]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Float32Array
 
-[11]: #sharp
+[11]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Float64Array
+
+[12]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String
+
+[13]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object
+
+[14]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean
+
+[15]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number
+
+[16]: https://www.npmjs.org/package/color
+
+[17]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error
+
+[18]: #sharp

docs/api-input.md

@@ -5,34 +5,37 @@
 Fast access to (uncached) image metadata without decoding any compressed image data.
 A `Promise` is returned when `callback` is not provided.
 
--   `format`: Name of decoder used to decompress image data e.g. `jpeg`, `png`, `webp`, `gif`, `svg`
+*   `format`: Name of decoder used to decompress image data e.g. `jpeg`, `png`, `webp`, `gif`, `svg`
--   `size`: Total size of image in bytes, for Stream and Buffer input only
+*   `size`: Total size of image in bytes, for Stream and Buffer input only
--   `width`: Number of pixels wide (EXIF orientation is not taken into consideration)
+*   `width`: Number of pixels wide (EXIF orientation is not taken into consideration)
--   `height`: Number of pixels high (EXIF orientation is not taken into consideration)
+*   `height`: Number of pixels high (EXIF orientation is not taken into consideration)
--   `space`: Name of colour space interpretation e.g. `srgb`, `rgb`, `cmyk`, `lab`, `b-w` [...][1]
+*   `space`: Name of colour space interpretation e.g. `srgb`, `rgb`, `cmyk`, `lab`, `b-w` [...][1]
--   `channels`: Number of bands e.g. `3` for sRGB, `4` for CMYK
+*   `channels`: Number of bands e.g. `3` for sRGB, `4` for CMYK
--   `depth`: Name of pixel depth format e.g. `uchar`, `char`, `ushort`, `float` [...][2]
+*   `depth`: Name of pixel depth format e.g. `uchar`, `char`, `ushort`, `float` [...][2]
--   `density`: Number of pixels per inch (DPI), if present
+*   `density`: Number of pixels per inch (DPI), if present
--   `chromaSubsampling`: String containing JPEG chroma subsampling, `4:2:0` or `4:4:4` for RGB, `4:2:0:4` or `4:4:4:4` for CMYK
+*   `chromaSubsampling`: String containing JPEG chroma subsampling, `4:2:0` or `4:4:4` for RGB, `4:2:0:4` or `4:4:4:4` for CMYK
--   `isProgressive`: Boolean indicating whether the image is interlaced using a progressive scan
+*   `isProgressive`: Boolean indicating whether the image is interlaced using a progressive scan
--   `pages`: Number of pages/frames contained within the image, with support for TIFF, HEIF, PDF, animated GIF and animated WebP
+*   `pages`: Number of pages/frames contained within the image, with support for TIFF, HEIF, PDF, animated GIF and animated WebP
--   `pageHeight`: Number of pixels high each page in a multi-page image will be.
+*   `pageHeight`: Number of pixels high each page in a multi-page image will be.
--   `loop`: Number of times to loop an animated image, zero refers to a continuous loop.
+*   `loop`: Number of times to loop an animated image, zero refers to a continuous loop.
--   `delay`: Delay in ms between each page in an animated image, provided as an array of integers.
+*   `delay`: Delay in ms between each page in an animated image, provided as an array of integers.
--   `pagePrimary`: Number of the primary page in a HEIF image
+*   `pagePrimary`: Number of the primary page in a HEIF image
--   `levels`: Details of each level in a multi-level image provided as an array of objects, requires libvips compiled with support for OpenSlide
+*   `levels`: Details of each level in a multi-level image provided as an array of objects, requires libvips compiled with support for OpenSlide
--   `hasProfile`: Boolean indicating the presence of an embedded ICC profile
+*   `subifds`: Number of Sub Image File Directories in an OME-TIFF image
--   `hasAlpha`: Boolean indicating the presence of an alpha transparency channel
+*   `background`: Default background colour, if present, for PNG (bKGD) and GIF images, either an RGB Object or a single greyscale value
--   `orientation`: Number value of the EXIF Orientation header, if present
+*   `compression`: The encoder used to compress an HEIF file, `av1` (AVIF) or `hevc` (HEIC)
--   `exif`: Buffer containing raw EXIF data, if present
+*   `hasProfile`: Boolean indicating the presence of an embedded ICC profile
--   `icc`: Buffer containing raw [ICC][3] profile data, if present
+*   `hasAlpha`: Boolean indicating the presence of an alpha transparency channel
--   `iptc`: Buffer containing raw IPTC data, if present
+*   `orientation`: Number value of the EXIF Orientation header, if present
--   `xmp`: Buffer containing raw XMP data, if present
+*   `exif`: Buffer containing raw EXIF data, if present
--   `tifftagPhotoshop`: Buffer containing raw TIFFTAG_PHOTOSHOP data, if present
+*   `icc`: Buffer containing raw [ICC][3] profile data, if present
+*   `iptc`: Buffer containing raw IPTC data, if present
+*   `xmp`: Buffer containing raw XMP data, if present
+*   `tifftagPhotoshop`: Buffer containing raw TIFFTAG_PHOTOSHOP data, if present
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `callback` **[Function][4]?** called with the arguments `(err, metadata)`
+*   `callback` **[Function][4]?** called with the arguments `(err, metadata)`
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -51,32 +54,35 @@ image
   });
 ```
 
-Returns **([Promise][5]<[Object][6]> | Sharp)** 
+Returns **([Promise][5]<[Object][6]> | Sharp)** 
 
 ## stats
 
 Access to pixel-derived image statistics for every channel in the image.
 A `Promise` is returned when `callback` is not provided.
 
--   `channels`: Array of channel statistics for each channel in the image. Each channel statistic contains
+*   `channels`: Array of channel statistics for each channel in the image. Each channel statistic contains
-    -   `min` (minimum value in the channel)
+    *   `min` (minimum value in the channel)
-    -   `max` (maximum value in the channel)
+    *   `max` (maximum value in the channel)
-    -   `sum` (sum of all values in a channel)
+    *   `sum` (sum of all values in a channel)
-    -   `squaresSum` (sum of squared values in a channel)
+    *   `squaresSum` (sum of squared values in a channel)
-    -   `mean` (mean of the values in a channel)
+    *   `mean` (mean of the values in a channel)
-    -   `stdev` (standard deviation for the values in a channel)
+    *   `stdev` (standard deviation for the values in a channel)
-    -   `minX` (x-coordinate of one of the pixel where the minimum lies)
+    *   `minX` (x-coordinate of one of the pixel where the minimum lies)
-    -   `minY` (y-coordinate of one of the pixel where the minimum lies)
+    *   `minY` (y-coordinate of one of the pixel where the minimum lies)
-    -   `maxX` (x-coordinate of one of the pixel where the maximum lies)
+    *   `maxX` (x-coordinate of one of the pixel where the maximum lies)
-    -   `maxY` (y-coordinate of one of the pixel where the maximum lies)
+    *   `maxY` (y-coordinate of one of the pixel where the maximum lies)
--   `isOpaque`: Is the image fully opaque? Will be `true` if the image has no alpha channel or if every pixel is fully opaque.
+*   `isOpaque`: Is the image fully opaque? Will be `true` if the image has no alpha channel or if every pixel is fully opaque.
--   `entropy`: Histogram-based estimation of greyscale entropy, discarding alpha channel if any (experimental)
+*   `entropy`: Histogram-based estimation of greyscale entropy, discarding alpha channel if any (experimental)
--   `sharpness`: Estimation of greyscale sharpness based on the standard deviation of a Laplacian convolution, discarding alpha channel if any (experimental)
+*   `sharpness`: Estimation of greyscale sharpness based on the standard deviation of a Laplacian convolution, discarding alpha channel if any (experimental)
--   `dominant`: Object containing most dominant sRGB colour based on a 4096-bin 3D histogram (experimental)
+*   `dominant`: Object containing most dominant sRGB colour based on a 4096-bin 3D histogram (experimental)
+
+**Note**: Statistics are derived from the original input image. Any operations performed on the image must first be
+written to a buffer in order to run `stats` on the result (see third example).
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `callback` **[Function][4]?** called with the arguments `(err, stats)`
+*   `callback` **[Function][4]?** called with the arguments `(err, stats)`
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -94,7 +100,15 @@ const { entropy, sharpness, dominant } = await sharp(input).stats();
 const { r, g, b } = dominant;
 ```
 
-Returns **[Promise][5]&lt;[Object][6]>** 
+```javascript
+const image = sharp(input);
+// store intermediate result
+const part = await image.extract(region).toBuffer();
+// create new instance to obtain statistics of extracted region
+const stats = await sharp(part).stats();
+```
+
+Returns **[Promise][5]<[Object][6]>** 
 
 [1]: https://libvips.github.io/libvips/API/current/VipsImage.html#VipsInterpretation
 

docs/api-operation.md

@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@ for example `rotate(x).extract(y)` will produce a different result to `extract(y
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `angle` **[number][1]** angle of rotation. (optional, default `auto`)
+*   `angle` **[number][1]** angle of rotation. (optional, default `auto`)
--   `options` **[Object][2]?** if present, is an Object with optional attributes.
+*   `options` **[Object][2]?** if present, is an Object with optional attributes.
-    -   `options.background` **([string][3] \| [Object][2])** parsed by the [color][4] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha. (optional, default `"#000000"`)
+
+    *   `options.background` **([string][3] | [Object][2])** parsed by the [color][4] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha. (optional, default `"#000000"`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ const pipeline = sharp()
 readableStream.pipe(pipeline);
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ The use of `flip` implies the removal of the EXIF `Orientation` tag, if any.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `flip` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `flip` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ The use of `flop` implies the removal of the EXIF `Orientation` tag, if any.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `flop` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `flop` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -75,25 +76,26 @@ A particular interpolator may also be specified. Set the `interpolator` option t
 
 In the case of a 2x2 matrix, the transform is:
 
--   X = `matrix[0, 0]` \* (x + `idx`) + `matrix[0, 1]` \* (y + `idy`) + `odx`
+*   X = `matrix[0, 0]` \* (x + `idx`) + `matrix[0, 1]` \* (y + `idy`) + `odx`
--   Y = `matrix[1, 0]` \* (x + `idx`) + `matrix[1, 1]` \* (y + `idy`) + `ody`
+*   Y = `matrix[1, 0]` \* (x + `idx`) + `matrix[1, 1]` \* (y + `idy`) + `ody`
 
 where:
 
--   x and y are the coordinates in input image.
+*   x and y are the coordinates in input image.
--   X and Y are the coordinates in output image.
+*   X and Y are the coordinates in output image.
--   (0,0) is the upper left corner.
+*   (0,0) is the upper left corner.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `matrix` **([Array][7]<[Array][7]<[number][1]>> | [Array][7]<[number][1]>)** affine transformation matrix
+*   `matrix` **([Array][7]<[Array][7]<[number][1]>> | [Array][7]<[number][1]>)** affine transformation matrix
--   `options` **[Object][2]?** if present, is an Object with optional attributes.
+*   `options` **[Object][2]?** if present, is an Object with optional attributes.
-    -   `options.background` **([String][3] \| [Object][2])** parsed by the [color][4] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha. (optional, default `"#000000"`)
+
-    -   `options.idx` **[Number][1]** input horizontal offset (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.background` **([String][3] | [Object][2])** parsed by the [color][4] module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha. (optional, default `"#000000"`)
-    -   `options.idy` **[Number][1]** input vertical offset (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.idx` **[Number][1]** input horizontal offset (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.odx` **[Number][1]** output horizontal offset (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.idy` **[Number][1]** input vertical offset (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.ody` **[Number][1]** output vertical offset (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.odx` **[Number][1]** output horizontal offset (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.interpolator` **[String][3]** interpolator (optional, default `sharp.interpolators.bicubic`)
+    *   `options.ody` **[Number][1]** output vertical offset (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.interpolator` **[String][3]** interpolator (optional, default `sharp.interpolators.bicubic`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -112,13 +114,13 @@ inputStream
   .pipe(pipeline);
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
 **Meta**
 
--   **since**: 0.27.0
+*   **since**: 0.27.0
 
 ## sharpen
 
@@ -129,12 +131,13 @@ Separate control over the level of sharpening in "flat" and "jagged" areas is av
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `sigma` **[number][1]?** the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`.
+*   `sigma` **[number][1]?** the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`.
--   `flat` **[number][1]** the level of sharpening to apply to "flat" areas. (optional, default `1.0`)
+*   `flat` **[number][1]** the level of sharpening to apply to "flat" areas. (optional, default `1.0`)
--   `jagged` **[number][1]** the level of sharpening to apply to "jagged" areas. (optional, default `2.0`)
+*   `jagged` **[number][1]** the level of sharpening to apply to "jagged" areas. (optional, default `2.0`)
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -145,10 +148,11 @@ When used without parameters the default window is 3x3.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `size` **[number][1]** square mask size: size x size (optional, default `3`)
+*   `size` **[number][1]** square mask size: size x size (optional, default `3`)
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -160,10 +164,11 @@ When a `sigma` is provided, performs a slower, more accurate Gaussian blur.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `sigma` **[number][1]?** a value between 0.3 and 1000 representing the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`.
+*   `sigma` **[number][1]?** a value between 0.3 and 1000 representing the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`.
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -171,16 +176,19 @@ Returns **Sharp**
 
 Merge alpha transparency channel, if any, with a background, then remove the alpha channel.
 
+See also [removeAlpha][8].
+
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
-    -   `options.background` **([string][3] \| [Object][2])** background colour, parsed by the [color][4] module, defaults to black. (optional, default `{r:0,g:0,b:0}`)
+
+    *   `options.background` **([string][3] | [Object][2])** background colour, parsed by the [color][4] module, defaults to black. (optional, default `{r:0,g:0,b:0}`)
 
 ### Examples
 
 ```javascript
 await sharp(rgbaInput)
-  .flatten('#F0A703')
+  .flatten({ background: '#F0A703' })
   .toBuffer();
 ```
 
@@ -198,11 +206,12 @@ Supply a second argument to use a different output gamma value, otherwise the fi
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `gamma` **[number][1]** value between 1.0 and 3.0. (optional, default `2.2`)
+*   `gamma` **[number][1]** value between 1.0 and 3.0. (optional, default `2.2`)
--   `gammaOut` **[number][1]?** value between 1.0 and 3.0. (optional, defaults to same as `gamma`)
+*   `gammaOut` **[number][1]?** value between 1.0 and 3.0. (optional, defaults to same as `gamma`)
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -212,7 +221,9 @@ Produce the "negative" of the image.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `negate` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
+
+    *   `options.alpha` **[Boolean][6]** Whether or not to negate any alpha channel (optional, default `true`)
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -222,7 +233,7 @@ Enhance output image contrast by stretching its luminance to cover the full dyna
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `normalise` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `normalise` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -232,22 +243,50 @@ Alternative spelling of normalise.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `normalize` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `normalize` **[Boolean][6]**  (optional, default `true`)
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
+## clahe
+
+Perform contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization
+[CLAHE][9].
+
+This will, in general, enhance the clarity of the image by bringing out darker details.
+
+### Parameters
+
+*   `options` **[Object][2]** 
+
+    *   `options.width` **[number][1]** integer width of the region in pixels.
+    *   `options.height` **[number][1]** integer height of the region in pixels.
+    *   `options.maxSlope` **[number][1]** maximum value for the slope of the
+        cumulative histogram. A value of 0 disables contrast limiting. Valid values
+        are integers in the range 0-100 (inclusive) (optional, default `3`)
+
+<!---->
+
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+
+Returns **Sharp** 
+
+**Meta**
+
+*   **since**: 0.28.3
+
 ## convolve
 
 Convolve the image with the specified kernel.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `kernel` **[Object][2]** 
+*   `kernel` **[Object][2]** 
-    -   `kernel.width` **[number][1]** width of the kernel in pixels.
+
-    -   `kernel.height` **[number][1]** width of the kernel in pixels.
+    *   `kernel.width` **[number][1]** width of the kernel in pixels.
-    -   `kernel.kernel` **[Array][7]&lt;[number][1]>** Array of length `width*height` containing the kernel values.
+    *   `kernel.height` **[number][1]** height of the kernel in pixels.
-    -   `kernel.scale` **[number][1]** the scale of the kernel in pixels. (optional, default `sum`)
+    *   `kernel.kernel` **[Array][7]<[number][1]>** Array of length `width*height` containing the kernel values.
-    -   `kernel.offset` **[number][1]** the offset of the kernel in pixels. (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `kernel.scale` **[number][1]** the scale of the kernel in pixels. (optional, default `sum`)
+    *   `kernel.offset` **[number][1]** the offset of the kernel in pixels. (optional, default `0`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -265,7 +304,7 @@ sharp(input)
   });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -275,13 +314,15 @@ Any pixel value greater than or equal to the threshold value will be set to 255,
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `threshold` **[number][1]** a value in the range 0-255 representing the level at which the threshold will be applied. (optional, default `128`)
+*   `threshold` **[number][1]** a value in the range 0-255 representing the level at which the threshold will be applied. (optional, default `128`)
--   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
-    -   `options.greyscale` **[Boolean][6]** convert to single channel greyscale. (optional, default `true`)
-    -   `options.grayscale` **[Boolean][6]** alternative spelling for greyscale. (optional, default `true`)
 
+    *   `options.greyscale` **[Boolean][6]** convert to single channel greyscale. (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.grayscale` **[Boolean][6]** alternative spelling for greyscale. (optional, default `true`)
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+<!---->
+
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -294,16 +335,19 @@ the selected bitwise boolean `operation` between the corresponding pixels of the
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `operand` **([Buffer][8] \| [string][3])** Buffer containing image data or string containing the path to an image file.
+*   `operand` **([Buffer][10] | [string][3])** Buffer containing image data or string containing the path to an image file.
--   `operator` **[string][3]** one of `and`, `or` or `eor` to perform that bitwise operation, like the C logic operators `&`, `|` and `^` respectively.
+*   `operator` **[string][3]** one of `and`, `or` or `eor` to perform that bitwise operation, like the C logic operators `&`, `|` and `^` respectively.
--   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
-    -   `options.raw` **[Object][2]?** describes operand when using raw pixel data.
-        -   `options.raw.width` **[number][1]?** 
-        -   `options.raw.height` **[number][1]?** 
-        -   `options.raw.channels` **[number][1]?** 
 
+    *   `options.raw` **[Object][2]?** describes operand when using raw pixel data.
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+        *   `options.raw.width` **[number][1]?** 
+        *   `options.raw.height` **[number][1]?** 
+        *   `options.raw.channels` **[number][1]?** 
+
+<!---->
+
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -313,11 +357,12 @@ Apply the linear formula a \* input + b to the image (levels adjustment)
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `a` **[number][1]** multiplier (optional, default `1.0`)
+*   `a` **[number][1]** multiplier (optional, default `1.0`)
--   `b` **[number][1]** offset (optional, default `0.0`)
+*   `b` **[number][1]** offset (optional, default `0.0`)
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -327,7 +372,7 @@ Recomb the image with the specified matrix.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `inputMatrix` **[Array][7]&lt;[Array][7]&lt;[number][1]>>** 3x3 Recombination matrix
+*   `inputMatrix` **[Array][7]<[Array][7]<[number][1]>>** 3x3 Recombination matrix
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -345,13 +390,13 @@ sharp(input)
   });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][5]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
 **Meta**
 
--   **since**: 0.21.1
+*   **since**: 0.21.1
 
 ## modulate
 
@@ -359,10 +404,11 @@ Transforms the image using brightness, saturation and hue rotation.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][2]?** 
-    -   `options.brightness` **[number][1]?** Brightness multiplier
+
-    -   `options.saturation` **[number][1]?** Saturation multiplier
+    *   `options.brightness` **[number][1]?** Brightness multiplier
-    -   `options.hue` **[number][1]?** Degrees for hue rotation
+    *   `options.saturation` **[number][1]?** Saturation multiplier
+    *   `options.hue` **[number][1]?** Degrees for hue rotation
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -390,7 +436,7 @@ Returns **Sharp**
 
 **Meta**
 
--   **since**: 0.22.1
+*   **since**: 0.22.1
 
 [1]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number
 
@@ -406,4 +452,8 @@ Returns **Sharp**
 
 [7]: https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array
 
-[8]: https://nodejs.org/api/buffer.html
+[8]: /api-channel#removealpha
+
+[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_histogram_equalization#Contrast_Limited_AHE
+
+[10]: https://nodejs.org/api/buffer.html

docs/api-output.md

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ A `Promise` is returned when `callback` is not provided.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `fileOut` **[string][2]** the path to write the image data to.
+*   `fileOut` **[string][2]** the path to write the image data to.
--   `callback` **[Function][3]?** called on completion with two arguments `(err, info)`.
+*   `callback` **[Function][3]?** called on completion with two arguments `(err, info)`.
     `info` contains the output image `format`, `size` (bytes), `width`, `height`,
     `channels` and `premultiplied` (indicating if premultiplication was used).
     When using a crop strategy also contains `cropOffsetLeft` and `cropOffsetTop`.
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ sharp(input)
   .catch(err => { ... });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
 
-Returns **[Promise][5]<[Object][6]>** when no callback is provided
+Returns **[Promise][5]<[Object][6]>** when no callback is provided
 
 ## toBuffer
 
@@ -51,19 +51,21 @@ See [withMetadata][1] for control over this.
 
 `callback`, if present, gets three arguments `(err, data, info)` where:
 
--   `err` is an error, if any.
+*   `err` is an error, if any.
--   `data` is the output image data.
+*   `data` is the output image data.
--   `info` contains the output image `format`, `size` (bytes), `width`, `height`,
+*   `info` contains the output image `format`, `size` (bytes), `width`, `height`,
-    `channels` and `premultiplied` (indicating if premultiplication was used).
+
-    When using a crop strategy also contains `cropOffsetLeft` and `cropOffsetTop`.
+`channels` and `premultiplied` (indicating if premultiplication was used).
+When using a crop strategy also contains `cropOffsetLeft` and `cropOffsetTop`.
 
 A `Promise` is returned when `callback` is not provided.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
-    -   `options.resolveWithObject` **[boolean][7]?** Resolve the Promise with an Object containing `data` and `info` properties instead of resolving only with `data`.
+
--   `callback` **[Function][3]?** 
+    *   `options.resolveWithObject` **[boolean][7]?** Resolve the Promise with an Object containing `data` and `info` properties instead of resolving only with `data`.
+*   `callback` **[Function][3]?** 
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ await sharp(pixelArray, { raw: { width, height, channels } })
   .toFile('my-changed-image.jpg');
 ```
 
-Returns **[Promise][5]&lt;[Buffer][8]>** when no callback is provided
+Returns **[Promise][5]<[Buffer][8]>** when no callback is provided
 
 ## withMetadata
 
@@ -116,9 +118,12 @@ sRGB colour space and strip all metadata, including the removal of any ICC profi
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
-    -   `options.orientation` **[number][9]?** value between 1 and 8, used to update the EXIF `Orientation` tag.
+
-    -   `options.icc` **[string][2]?** filesystem path to output ICC profile, defaults to sRGB.
+    *   `options.orientation` **[number][9]?** value between 1 and 8, used to update the EXIF `Orientation` tag.
+    *   `options.icc` **[string][2]?** filesystem path to output ICC profile, defaults to sRGB.
+    *   `options.exif` **[Object][6]<[Object][6]>** Object keyed by IFD0, IFD1 etc. of key/value string pairs to write as EXIF data. (optional, default `{}`)
+    *   `options.density` **[number][9]?** Number of pixels per inch (DPI).
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -129,7 +134,26 @@ sharp('input.jpg')
   .then(info => { ... });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
+```javascript
+// Set "IFD0-Copyright" in output EXIF metadata
+const data = await sharp(input)
+  .withMetadata({
+    exif: {
+      IFD0: {
+        Copyright: 'Wernham Hogg'
+      }
+    }
+  })
+  .toBuffer();
+
+ * @example
+// Set output metadata to 96 DPI
+const data = await sharp(input)
+  .withMetadata({ density: 96 })
+  .toBuffer();
+```
+
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -139,8 +163,8 @@ Force output to a given format.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `format` **([string][2] \| [Object][6])** as a string or an Object with an 'id' attribute
+*   `format` **([string][2] | [Object][6])** as a string or an Object with an 'id' attribute
--   `options` **[Object][6]** output options
+*   `options` **[Object][6]** output options
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -151,7 +175,7 @@ const data = await sharp(input)
   .toBuffer();
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** unsupported format or options
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** unsupported format or options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -161,20 +185,21 @@ Use these JPEG options for output image.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
-    -   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `80`)
+
-    -   `options.progressive` **[boolean][7]** use progressive (interlace) scan (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `80`)
-    -   `options.chromaSubsampling` **[string][2]** set to '4:4:4' to prevent chroma subsampling otherwise defaults to '4:2:0' chroma subsampling (optional, default `'4:2:0'`)
+    *   `options.progressive` **[boolean][7]** use progressive (interlace) scan (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.optimiseCoding` **[boolean][7]** optimise Huffman coding tables (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.chromaSubsampling` **[string][2]** set to '4:4:4' to prevent chroma subsampling otherwise defaults to '4:2:0' chroma subsampling (optional, default `'4:2:0'`)
-    -   `options.optimizeCoding` **[boolean][7]** alternative spelling of optimiseCoding (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.optimiseCoding` **[boolean][7]** optimise Huffman coding tables (optional, default `true`)
-    -   `options.mozjpeg` **[boolean][7]** use mozjpeg defaults, equivalent to `{ trellisQuantisation: true, overshootDeringing: true, optimiseScans: true, quantisationTable: 3 }` (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.optimizeCoding` **[boolean][7]** alternative spelling of optimiseCoding (optional, default `true`)
-    -   `options.trellisQuantisation` **[boolean][7]** apply trellis quantisation (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.mozjpeg` **[boolean][7]** use mozjpeg defaults, equivalent to `{ trellisQuantisation: true, overshootDeringing: true, optimiseScans: true, quantisationTable: 3 }` (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.overshootDeringing` **[boolean][7]** apply overshoot deringing (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.trellisQuantisation` **[boolean][7]** apply trellis quantisation (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.optimiseScans` **[boolean][7]** optimise progressive scans, forces progressive (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.overshootDeringing` **[boolean][7]** apply overshoot deringing (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.optimizeScans` **[boolean][7]** alternative spelling of optimiseScans (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.optimiseScans` **[boolean][7]** optimise progressive scans, forces progressive (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.quantisationTable` **[number][9]** quantization table to use, integer 0-8 (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.optimizeScans` **[boolean][7]** alternative spelling of optimiseScans (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.quantizationTable` **[number][9]** alternative spelling of quantisationTable (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.quantisationTable` **[number][9]** quantization table to use, integer 0-8 (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force JPEG output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.quantizationTable` **[number][9]** alternative spelling of quantisationTable (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force JPEG output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -195,7 +220,7 @@ const data = await sharp(input)
   .toBuffer();
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -209,16 +234,17 @@ Set `palette` to `true` for slower, indexed PNG output.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
-    -   `options.progressive` **[boolean][7]** use progressive (interlace) scan (optional, default `false`)
+
-    -   `options.compressionLevel` **[number][9]** zlib compression level, 0 (fastest, largest) to 9 (slowest, smallest) (optional, default `6`)
+    *   `options.progressive` **[boolean][7]** use progressive (interlace) scan (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.adaptiveFiltering` **[boolean][7]** use adaptive row filtering (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.compressionLevel` **[number][9]** zlib compression level, 0 (fastest, largest) to 9 (slowest, smallest) (optional, default `6`)
-    -   `options.palette` **[boolean][7]** quantise to a palette-based image with alpha transparency support (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.adaptiveFiltering` **[boolean][7]** use adaptive row filtering (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.quality` **[number][9]** use the lowest number of colours needed to achieve given quality, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `100`)
+    *   `options.palette` **[boolean][7]** quantise to a palette-based image with alpha transparency support (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.colours` **[number][9]** maximum number of palette entries, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `256`)
+    *   `options.quality` **[number][9]** use the lowest number of colours needed to achieve given quality, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `100`)
-    -   `options.colors` **[number][9]** alternative spelling of `options.colours`, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `256`)
+    *   `options.colours` **[number][9]** maximum number of palette entries, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `256`)
-    -   `options.dither` **[number][9]** level of Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `1.0`)
+    *   `options.colors` **[number][9]** alternative spelling of `options.colours`, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `256`)
-    -   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force PNG output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.dither` **[number][9]** level of Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion, sets `palette` to `true` (optional, default `1.0`)
+    *   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force PNG output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -236,7 +262,7 @@ const data = await sharp(input)
   .toBuffer();
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -246,17 +272,18 @@ Use these WebP options for output image.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
-    -   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `80`)
+
-    -   `options.alphaQuality` **[number][9]** quality of alpha layer, integer 0-100 (optional, default `100`)
+    *   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `80`)
-    -   `options.lossless` **[boolean][7]** use lossless compression mode (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.alphaQuality` **[number][9]** quality of alpha layer, integer 0-100 (optional, default `100`)
-    -   `options.nearLossless` **[boolean][7]** use near_lossless compression mode (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.lossless` **[boolean][7]** use lossless compression mode (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.smartSubsample` **[boolean][7]** use high quality chroma subsampling (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.nearLossless` **[boolean][7]** use near_lossless compression mode (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.reductionEffort` **[number][9]** level of CPU effort to reduce file size, integer 0-6 (optional, default `4`)
+    *   `options.smartSubsample` **[boolean][7]** use high quality chroma subsampling (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.pageHeight` **[number][9]?** page height for animated output
+    *   `options.reductionEffort` **[number][9]** level of CPU effort to reduce file size, integer 0-6 (optional, default `4`)
-    -   `options.loop` **[number][9]** number of animation iterations, use 0 for infinite animation (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.pageHeight` **[number][9]?** page height for animated output
-    -   `options.delay` **[Array][10]&lt;[number][9]>?** list of delays between animation frames (in milliseconds)
+    *   `options.loop` **[number][9]** number of animation iterations, use 0 for infinite animation (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force WebP output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.delay` **[Array][10]<[number][9]>?** list of delays between animation frames (in milliseconds)
+    *   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force WebP output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -267,7 +294,14 @@ const data = await sharp(input)
   .toBuffer();
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
+```javascript
+// Optimise the file size of an animated WebP
+const outputWebp = await sharp(inputWebp, { animated: true })
+  .webp({ reductionEffort: 6 })
+  .toBuffer();
+```
+
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -281,14 +315,16 @@ The prebuilt binaries do not include this - see
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
-    -   `options.pageHeight` **[number][9]?** page height for animated output
-    -   `options.loop` **[number][9]** number of animation iterations, use 0 for infinite animation (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.delay` **[Array][10]&lt;[number][9]>?** list of delays between animation frames (in milliseconds)
-    -   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force GIF output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
 
+    *   `options.pageHeight` **[number][9]?** page height for animated output
+    *   `options.loop` **[number][9]** number of animation iterations, use 0 for infinite animation (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.delay` **[Array][10]<[number][9]>?** list of delays between animation frames (in milliseconds)
+    *   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force GIF output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
+<!---->
+
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -298,18 +334,19 @@ Use these TIFF options for output image.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
-    -   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `80`)
+
-    -   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force TIFF output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `80`)
-    -   `options.compression` **[string][2]** compression options: lzw, deflate, jpeg, ccittfax4 (optional, default `'jpeg'`)
+    *   `options.force` **[boolean][7]** force TIFF output, otherwise attempt to use input format (optional, default `true`)
-    -   `options.predictor` **[string][2]** compression predictor options: none, horizontal, float (optional, default `'horizontal'`)
+    *   `options.compression` **[string][2]** compression options: lzw, deflate, jpeg, ccittfax4 (optional, default `'jpeg'`)
-    -   `options.pyramid` **[boolean][7]** write an image pyramid (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.predictor` **[string][2]** compression predictor options: none, horizontal, float (optional, default `'horizontal'`)
-    -   `options.tile` **[boolean][7]** write a tiled tiff (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.pyramid` **[boolean][7]** write an image pyramid (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.tileWidth` **[number][9]** horizontal tile size (optional, default `256`)
+    *   `options.tile` **[boolean][7]** write a tiled tiff (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.tileHeight` **[number][9]** vertical tile size (optional, default `256`)
+    *   `options.tileWidth` **[number][9]** horizontal tile size (optional, default `256`)
-    -   `options.xres` **[number][9]** horizontal resolution in pixels/mm (optional, default `1.0`)
+    *   `options.tileHeight` **[number][9]** vertical tile size (optional, default `256`)
-    -   `options.yres` **[number][9]** vertical resolution in pixels/mm (optional, default `1.0`)
+    *   `options.xres` **[number][9]** horizontal resolution in pixels/mm (optional, default `1.0`)
-    -   `options.bitdepth` **[number][9]** reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit (optional, default `8`)
+    *   `options.yres` **[number][9]** vertical resolution in pixels/mm (optional, default `1.0`)
+    *   `options.bitdepth` **[number][9]** reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit (optional, default `8`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -324,7 +361,7 @@ sharp('input.svg')
   .then(info => { ... });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -337,20 +374,22 @@ most web browsers do not display these properly.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
-    -   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `50`)
-    -   `options.lossless` **[boolean][7]** use lossless compression (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.speed` **[number][9]** CPU effort vs file size, 0 (slowest/smallest) to 8 (fastest/largest) (optional, default `5`)
-    -   `options.chromaSubsampling` **[string][2]** set to '4:4:4' to prevent chroma subsampling otherwise defaults to '4:2:0' chroma subsampling, requires libvips v8.11.0 (optional, default `'4:2:0'`)
 
+    *   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `50`)
+    *   `options.lossless` **[boolean][7]** use lossless compression (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.speed` **[number][9]** CPU effort vs file size, 0 (slowest/smallest) to 8 (fastest/largest) (optional, default `5`)
+    *   `options.chromaSubsampling` **[string][2]** set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling (optional, default `'4:4:4'`)
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
+<!---->
+
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
 **Meta**
 
--   **since**: 0.27.0
+*   **since**: 0.27.0
 
 ## heif
 
@@ -361,48 +400,56 @@ globally-installed libvips compiled with support for libheif, libde265 and x265.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
-    -   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `50`)
-    -   `options.compression` **[string][2]** compression format: av1, hevc (optional, default `'av1'`)
-    -   `options.lossless` **[boolean][7]** use lossless compression (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.speed` **[number][9]** CPU effort vs file size, 0 (slowest/smallest) to 8 (fastest/largest) (optional, default `5`)
-    -   `options.chromaSubsampling` **[string][2]** set to '4:4:4' to prevent chroma subsampling otherwise defaults to '4:2:0' chroma subsampling, requires libvips v8.11.0 (optional, default `'4:2:0'`)
 
+    *   `options.quality` **[number][9]** quality, integer 1-100 (optional, default `50`)
+    *   `options.compression` **[string][2]** compression format: av1, hevc (optional, default `'av1'`)
+    *   `options.lossless` **[boolean][7]** use lossless compression (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.speed` **[number][9]** CPU effort vs file size, 0 (slowest/smallest) to 8 (fastest/largest) (optional, default `5`)
+    *   `options.chromaSubsampling` **[string][2]** set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling (optional, default `'4:4:4'`)
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
+<!---->
+
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
 **Meta**
 
--   **since**: 0.23.0
+*   **since**: 0.23.0
 
 ## raw
 
-Force output to be raw, uncompressed, 8-bit unsigned integer (unit8) pixel data.
+Force output to be raw, uncompressed pixel data.
 Pixel ordering is left-to-right, top-to-bottom, without padding.
 Channel ordering will be RGB or RGBA for non-greyscale colourspaces.
 
+### Parameters
+
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** output options
+
+    *   `options.depth` **[string][2]** bit depth, one of: char, uchar (default), short, ushort, int, uint, float, complex, double, dpcomplex (optional, default `'uchar'`)
+
 ### Examples
 
 ```javascript
-// Extract raw RGB pixel data from JPEG input
+// Extract raw, unsigned 8-bit RGB pixel data from JPEG input
 const { data, info } = await sharp('input.jpg')
   .raw()
   .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
 ```
 
 ```javascript
-// Extract alpha channel as raw pixel data from PNG input
+// Extract alpha channel as raw, unsigned 16-bit pixel data from PNG input
 const data = await sharp('input.png')
   .ensureAlpha()
   .extractChannel(3)
   .toColourspace('b-w')
-  .raw()
+  .raw({ depth: 'ushort' })
   .toBuffer();
 ```
 
-Returns **Sharp** 
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid options
 
 ## tile
 
@@ -414,18 +461,19 @@ Warning: multiple sharp instances concurrently producing tile output can expose
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][6]?** 
-    -   `options.size` **[number][9]** tile size in pixels, a value between 1 and 8192. (optional, default `256`)
+
-    -   `options.overlap` **[number][9]** tile overlap in pixels, a value between 0 and 8192. (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.size` **[number][9]** tile size in pixels, a value between 1 and 8192. (optional, default `256`)
-    -   `options.angle` **[number][9]** tile angle of rotation, must be a multiple of 90. (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `options.overlap` **[number][9]** tile overlap in pixels, a value between 0 and 8192. (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.background` **([string][2] \| [Object][6])** background colour, parsed by the [color][12] module, defaults to white without transparency. (optional, default `{r:255,g:255,b:255,alpha:1}`)
+    *   `options.angle` **[number][9]** tile angle of rotation, must be a multiple of 90. (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `options.depth` **[string][2]?** how deep to make the pyramid, possible values are `onepixel`, `onetile` or `one`, default based on layout.
+    *   `options.background` **([string][2] | [Object][6])** background colour, parsed by the [color][12] module, defaults to white without transparency. (optional, default `{r:255,g:255,b:255,alpha:1}`)
-    -   `options.skipBlanks` **[number][9]** threshold to skip tile generation, a value 0 - 255 for 8-bit images or 0 - 65535 for 16-bit images (optional, default `-1`)
+    *   `options.depth` **[string][2]?** how deep to make the pyramid, possible values are `onepixel`, `onetile` or `one`, default based on layout.
-    -   `options.container` **[string][2]** tile container, with value `fs` (filesystem) or `zip` (compressed file). (optional, default `'fs'`)
+    *   `options.skipBlanks` **[number][9]** threshold to skip tile generation, a value 0 - 255 for 8-bit images or 0 - 65535 for 16-bit images (optional, default `-1`)
-    -   `options.layout` **[string][2]** filesystem layout, possible values are `dz`, `iiif`, `zoomify` or `google`. (optional, default `'dz'`)
+    *   `options.container` **[string][2]** tile container, with value `fs` (filesystem) or `zip` (compressed file). (optional, default `'fs'`)
-    -   `options.centre` **[boolean][7]** centre image in tile. (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.layout` **[string][2]** filesystem layout, possible values are `dz`, `iiif`, `zoomify` or `google`. (optional, default `'dz'`)
-    -   `options.center` **[boolean][7]** alternative spelling of centre. (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.centre` **[boolean][7]** centre image in tile. (optional, default `false`)
-    -   `options.id` **[string][2]** when `layout` is `iiif`, sets the `@id` attribute of `info.json` (optional, default `'https://example.com/iiif'`)
+    *   `options.center` **[boolean][7]** alternative spelling of centre. (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.id` **[string][2]** when `layout` is `iiif`, sets the `@id` attribute of `info.json` (optional, default `'https://example.com/iiif'`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -441,7 +489,7 @@ sharp('input.tiff')
   });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][4]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 

docs/api-resize.md

@@ -6,49 +6,50 @@ Resize image to `width`, `height` or `width x height`.
 
 When both a `width` and `height` are provided, the possible methods by which the image should **fit** these are:
 
--   `cover`: (default) Preserving aspect ratio, ensure the image covers both provided dimensions by cropping/clipping to fit.
+*   `cover`: (default) Preserving aspect ratio, ensure the image covers both provided dimensions by cropping/clipping to fit.
--   `contain`: Preserving aspect ratio, contain within both provided dimensions using "letterboxing" where necessary.
+*   `contain`: Preserving aspect ratio, contain within both provided dimensions using "letterboxing" where necessary.
--   `fill`: Ignore the aspect ratio of the input and stretch to both provided dimensions.
+*   `fill`: Ignore the aspect ratio of the input and stretch to both provided dimensions.
--   `inside`: Preserving aspect ratio, resize the image to be as large as possible while ensuring its dimensions are less than or equal to both those specified.
+*   `inside`: Preserving aspect ratio, resize the image to be as large as possible while ensuring its dimensions are less than or equal to both those specified.
--   `outside`: Preserving aspect ratio, resize the image to be as small as possible while ensuring its dimensions are greater than or equal to both those specified.
+*   `outside`: Preserving aspect ratio, resize the image to be as small as possible while ensuring its dimensions are greater than or equal to both those specified.
 
 Some of these values are based on the [object-fit][1] CSS property.
 
 When using a `fit` of `cover` or `contain`, the default **position** is `centre`. Other options are:
 
--   `sharp.position`: `top`, `right top`, `right`, `right bottom`, `bottom`, `left bottom`, `left`, `left top`.
+*   `sharp.position`: `top`, `right top`, `right`, `right bottom`, `bottom`, `left bottom`, `left`, `left top`.
--   `sharp.gravity`: `north`, `northeast`, `east`, `southeast`, `south`, `southwest`, `west`, `northwest`, `center` or `centre`.
+*   `sharp.gravity`: `north`, `northeast`, `east`, `southeast`, `south`, `southwest`, `west`, `northwest`, `center` or `centre`.
--   `sharp.strategy`: `cover` only, dynamically crop using either the `entropy` or `attention` strategy.
+*   `sharp.strategy`: `cover` only, dynamically crop using either the `entropy` or `attention` strategy.
 
 Some of these values are based on the [object-position][2] CSS property.
 
 The experimental strategy-based approach resizes so one dimension is at its target length
 then repeatedly ranks edge regions, discarding the edge with the lowest score based on the selected strategy.
 
--   `entropy`: focus on the region with the highest [Shannon entropy][3].
+*   `entropy`: focus on the region with the highest [Shannon entropy][3].
--   `attention`: focus on the region with the highest luminance frequency, colour saturation and presence of skin tones.
+*   `attention`: focus on the region with the highest luminance frequency, colour saturation and presence of skin tones.
 
 Possible interpolation kernels are:
 
--   `nearest`: Use [nearest neighbour interpolation][4].
+*   `nearest`: Use [nearest neighbour interpolation][4].
--   `cubic`: Use a [Catmull-Rom spline][5].
+*   `cubic`: Use a [Catmull-Rom spline][5].
--   `mitchell`: Use a [Mitchell-Netravali spline][6].
+*   `mitchell`: Use a [Mitchell-Netravali spline][6].
--   `lanczos2`: Use a [Lanczos kernel][7] with `a=2`.
+*   `lanczos2`: Use a [Lanczos kernel][7] with `a=2`.
--   `lanczos3`: Use a Lanczos kernel with `a=3` (the default).
+*   `lanczos3`: Use a Lanczos kernel with `a=3` (the default).
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `width` **[number][8]?** pixels wide the resultant image should be. Use `null` or `undefined` to auto-scale the width to match the height.
+*   `width` **[number][8]?** pixels wide the resultant image should be. Use `null` or `undefined` to auto-scale the width to match the height.
--   `height` **[number][8]?** pixels high the resultant image should be. Use `null` or `undefined` to auto-scale the height to match the width.
+*   `height` **[number][8]?** pixels high the resultant image should be. Use `null` or `undefined` to auto-scale the height to match the width.
--   `options` **[Object][9]?** 
+*   `options` **[Object][9]?** 
-    -   `options.width` **[String][10]?** alternative means of specifying `width`. If both are present this take priority.
+
-    -   `options.height` **[String][10]?** alternative means of specifying `height`. If both are present this take priority.
+    *   `options.width` **[String][10]?** alternative means of specifying `width`. If both are present this take priority.
-    -   `options.fit` **[String][10]** how the image should be resized to fit both provided dimensions, one of `cover`, `contain`, `fill`, `inside` or `outside`. (optional, default `'cover'`)
+    *   `options.height` **[String][10]?** alternative means of specifying `height`. If both are present this take priority.
-    -   `options.position` **[String][10]** position, gravity or strategy to use when `fit` is `cover` or `contain`. (optional, default `'centre'`)
+    *   `options.fit` **[String][10]** how the image should be resized to fit both provided dimensions, one of `cover`, `contain`, `fill`, `inside` or `outside`. (optional, default `'cover'`)
-    -   `options.background` **([String][10] \| [Object][9])** background colour when using a `fit` of `contain`, parsed by the [color][11] module, defaults to black without transparency. (optional, default `{r:0,g:0,b:0,alpha:1}`)
+    *   `options.position` **[String][10]** position, gravity or strategy to use when `fit` is `cover` or `contain`. (optional, default `'centre'`)
-    -   `options.kernel` **[String][10]** the kernel to use for image reduction. (optional, default `'lanczos3'`)
+    *   `options.background` **([String][10] | [Object][9])** background colour when using a `fit` of `contain`, parsed by the [color][11] module, defaults to black without transparency. (optional, default `{r:0,g:0,b:0,alpha:1}`)
-    -   `options.withoutEnlargement` **[Boolean][12]** do not enlarge if the width _or_ height are already less than the specified dimensions, equivalent to GraphicsMagick's `>` geometry option. (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.kernel` **[String][10]** the kernel to use for image reduction. (optional, default `'lanczos3'`)
-    -   `options.fastShrinkOnLoad` **[Boolean][12]** take greater advantage of the JPEG and WebP shrink-on-load feature, which can lead to a slight moiré pattern on some images. (optional, default `true`)
+    *   `options.withoutEnlargement` **[Boolean][12]** do not enlarge if the width *or* height are already less than the specified dimensions, equivalent to GraphicsMagick's `>` geometry option. (optional, default `false`)
+    *   `options.fastShrinkOnLoad` **[Boolean][12]** take greater advantage of the JPEG and WebP shrink-on-load feature, which can lead to a slight moiré pattern on some images. (optional, default `true`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ const scaleByHalf = await sharp(input)
   );
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -136,12 +137,13 @@ This operation will always occur after resizing and extraction, if any.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `extend` **([number][8] \| [Object][9])** single pixel count to add to all edges or an Object with per-edge counts
+*   `extend` **([number][8] | [Object][9])** single pixel count to add to all edges or an Object with per-edge counts
-    -   `extend.top` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
+
-    -   `extend.left` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `extend.top` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `extend.bottom` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `extend.left` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `extend.right` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `extend.bottom` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
-    -   `extend.background` **([String][10] \| [Object][9])** background colour, parsed by the [color][11] module, defaults to black without transparency. (optional, default `{r:0,g:0,b:0,alpha:1}`)
+    *   `extend.right` **[number][8]**  (optional, default `0`)
+    *   `extend.background` **([String][10] | [Object][9])** background colour, parsed by the [color][11] module, defaults to black without transparency. (optional, default `{r:0,g:0,b:0,alpha:1}`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ sharp(input)
   ...
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -178,17 +180,18 @@ Returns **Sharp**
 
 Extract/crop a region of the image.
 
--   Use `extract` before `resize` for pre-resize extraction.
+*   Use `extract` before `resize` for pre-resize extraction.
--   Use `extract` after `resize` for post-resize extraction.
+*   Use `extract` after `resize` for post-resize extraction.
--   Use `extract` before and after for both.
+*   Use `extract` before and after for both.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **[Object][9]** describes the region to extract using integral pixel values
+*   `options` **[Object][9]** describes the region to extract using integral pixel values
-    -   `options.left` **[number][8]** zero-indexed offset from left edge
+
-    -   `options.top` **[number][8]** zero-indexed offset from top edge
+    *   `options.left` **[number][8]** zero-indexed offset from left edge
-    -   `options.width` **[number][8]** width of region to extract
+    *   `options.top` **[number][8]** zero-indexed offset from top edge
-    -   `options.height` **[number][8]** height of region to extract
+    *   `options.width` **[number][8]** width of region to extract
+    *   `options.height` **[number][8]** height of region to extract
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -210,7 +213,7 @@ sharp(input)
   });
 ```
 
--   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 
@@ -224,10 +227,11 @@ will contain `trimOffsetLeft` and `trimOffsetTop` properties.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `threshold` **[number][8]** the allowed difference from the top-left pixel, a number greater than zero. (optional, default `10`)
+*   `threshold` **[number][8]** the allowed difference from the top-left pixel, a number greater than zero. (optional, default `10`)
 
+<!---->
 
--   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
+*   Throws **[Error][13]** Invalid parameters
 
 Returns **Sharp** 
 

docs/api-utility.md

@@ -54,17 +54,18 @@ console.log(sharp.versions);
 
 ## cache
 
-Gets or, when options are provided, sets the limits of _libvips'_ operation cache.
+Gets or, when options are provided, sets the limits of *libvips'* operation cache.
 Existing entries in the cache will be trimmed after any change in limits.
 This method always returns cache statistics,
 useful for determining how much working memory is required for a particular task.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `options` **([Object][1] \| [boolean][10])** Object with the following attributes, or boolean where true uses default cache settings and false removes all caching (optional, default `true`)
+*   `options` **([Object][1] | [boolean][10])** Object with the following attributes, or boolean where true uses default cache settings and false removes all caching (optional, default `true`)
-    -   `options.memory` **[number][11]** is the maximum memory in MB to use for this cache (optional, default `50`)
+
-    -   `options.files` **[number][11]** is the maximum number of files to hold open (optional, default `20`)
+    *   `options.memory` **[number][11]** is the maximum memory in MB to use for this cache (optional, default `50`)
-    -   `options.items` **[number][11]** is the maximum number of operations to cache (optional, default `100`)
+    *   `options.files` **[number][11]** is the maximum number of files to hold open (optional, default `20`)
+    *   `options.items` **[number][11]** is the maximum number of operations to cache (optional, default `100`)
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ Returns **[Object][1]**
 ## concurrency
 
 Gets or, when a concurrency is provided, sets
-the number of threads _libvips'_ should create to process each image.
+the number of threads *libvips'* should create to process each image.
 
 The default value is the number of CPU cores,
 except when using glibc-based Linux without jemalloc,
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ This method always returns the current concurrency.
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `concurrency` **[number][11]?** 
+*   `concurrency` **[number][11]?** 
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -114,8 +115,8 @@ Returns **[number][11]** concurrency
 
 An EventEmitter that emits a `change` event when a task is either:
 
--   queued, waiting for _libuv_ to provide a worker thread
+*   queued, waiting for *libuv* to provide a worker thread
--   complete
+*   complete
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -129,8 +130,8 @@ sharp.queue.on('change', function(queueLength) {
 
 Provides access to internal task counters.
 
--   queue is the number of tasks this module has queued waiting for _libuv_ to provide a worker thread from its pool.
+*   queue is the number of tasks this module has queued waiting for *libuv* to provide a worker thread from its pool.
--   process is the number of resize tasks currently being processed.
+*   process is the number of resize tasks currently being processed.
 
 ### Examples
 
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ by taking advantage of the SIMD vector unit of the CPU, e.g. Intel SSE and ARM N
 
 ### Parameters
 
--   `simd` **[boolean][10]**  (optional, default `true`)
+*   `simd` **[boolean][10]**  (optional, default `true`)
 
 ### Examples
 

docs/changelog.md

@@ -1,9 +1,94 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## v0.29 - *circle*
+
+Requires libvips v8.11.3
+
+### v0.29.0 - 17th August 2021
+
+* Drop support for Node.js 10, now requires Node.js >= 12.13.0.
+
+* Add `background` property to PNG and GIF image metadata.
+
+* Add `compression` property to HEIF image metadata.
+  [#2504](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2504)
+
+* AVIF encoding now defaults to `4:4:4` chroma subsampling.
+  [#2562](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2562)
+
+* Allow multiple platform-arch binaries in same `node_modules` installation tree.
+  [#2575](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2575)
+
+* Default to single-channel `b-w` space when `extractChannel` is used.
+  [#2658](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2658)
+
+* Allow installation directory to contain spaces (regression in v0.26.0).
+  [#2777](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2777)
+
+* Add `pipelineColourspace` operator to set the processing space.
+  [#2704](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2704)
+  [@Daiz](https://github.com/Daiz)
+
+* Allow bit depth to be set when using raw input and output.
+  [#2762](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2762)
+  [@mart-jansink](https://github.com/mart-jansink)
+
+* Allow `negate` to act only on non-alpha channels.
+  [#2808](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2808)
+  [@rexxars](https://github.com/rexxars)
+
 ## v0.28 - *bijou*
 
 Requires libvips v8.10.6
 
+### v0.28.3 - 24th May 2021
+
+* Ensure presence of libvips, vendored or global, before invoking node-gyp.
+
+* Skip shrink-on-load for multi-page WebP.
+  [#2714](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2714)
+
+* Add contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) operator.
+  [#2726](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2726)
+  [@baparham](https://github.com/baparham)
+
+### v0.28.2 - 10th May 2021
+
+* Allow `withMetadata` to set `density`.
+  [#967](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/967)
+
+* Skip shrink-on-load where one dimension <4px.
+  [#2653](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2653)
+
+* Allow escaped proxy credentials.
+  [#2664](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2664)
+  [@msalettes](https://github.com/msalettes)
+
+* Add `premultiplied` flag for raw pixel data input.
+  [#2685](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2685)
+  [@mnutt](https://github.com/mnutt)
+
+* Detect empty input and throw a helpful error.
+  [#2687](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2687)
+  [@JakobJingleheimer](https://github.com/JakobJingleheimer)
+
+* Add install-time flag to skip version compatibility checks.
+  [#2692](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/pull/2692)
+  [@xemle](https://github.com/xemle)
+
+### v0.28.1 - 5th April 2021
+
+* Ensure all installation errors are logged with a more obvious prefix.
+
+* Allow `withMetadata` to set and update EXIF metadata.
+  [#650](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/650)
+
+* Add support for OME-TIFF Sub Image File Directories (subIFD).
+  [#2557](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2557)
+
+* Allow `ensureAlpha` to set the alpha transparency level.
+  [#2634](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/2634)
+
 ### v0.28.0 - 29th March 2021
 
 * Prebuilt binaries now include mozjpeg and libimagequant (BSD 2-Clause).

docs/firebase.json

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
       ".*",
       "build.js",
       "firebase.json",
-      "*.md",
       "image/**",
       "search-index/**"
     ],
@@ -14,10 +13,9 @@
       {
         "source": "**",
         "headers": [
-          {
+          { "key": "Cache-Control", "value": "max-age=86400" },
-            "key": "Cache-Control",
+          { "key": "X-Content-Type-Options", "value": "nosniff" },
-            "value": "max-age=86400"
+          { "key": "X-Frame-Options", "value": "SAMEORIGIN" }
-          }
         ]
       }
     ],

docs/humans.txt

@@ -209,3 +209,12 @@ GitHub: https://github.com/beig
 
 Name: Florian Busch
 GitHub: https://github.com/florian-busch
+
+Name: Matthieu Salettes
+GitHub: https://github.com/msalettes
+
+Name: Taneli Vatanen
+GitHub: https://github.com/Daiz
+
+Name: Mart Jansink
+GitHub: https://github.com/mart-jansink

docs/index.html

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   <meta name="description" content="Resize large images in common formats to smaller, web-friendly JPEG, PNG, WebP and AVIF images of varying dimensions">
   <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="default-src 'self'; object-src 'none'; style-src 'unsafe-inline';
     img-src 'unsafe-inline' data: https://pixel.plumbing/px/ https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/lovell/ https://www.google-analytics.com;
-    connect-src 'self' https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/lovell/ https://www.google-analytics.com;
+    connect-src 'self' https://www.google-analytics.com;
     script-src 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'
       https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docute@4/dist/docute.min.js
       https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js;">
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
   <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://pixel.plumbing/px/72x72/sharp-logo.svg">
   <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pixel.plumbing/px/57x57/sharp-logo.svg">
   <link rel="author" href="/humans.txt" type="text/plain">
-  <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/lovell/sharp@v0.28.0/docs/README.md" as="fetch" type="text/markdown" crossorigin>
-  <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/lovell/sharp@master/docs/image/sharp-logo.svg" as="image" type="image/svg+xml" crossorigin>
   <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://pixel.plumbing">
   <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com">
   <script type="application/ld+json">
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@
                 .then(function (entries) {
                   const results = [];
                   entries.forEach(function (entry) {
-                    if (entry.k.includes(keyword)) {
+                    if (entry.k.includes(keyword.trim().toLowerCase())) {
                       results.push({
                         title: entry.t,
                         link: entry.l,
@@ -139,7 +137,6 @@
         docuteApiTitlePlugin,
         docuteApiSearchPlugin
       ],
-      sourcePath: 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/lovell/sharp@v0.28.0/docs',
       nav: [
         {
           title: 'Funding',

docs/install.md

@@ -10,20 +10,20 @@ yarn add sharp
 
 ## Prerequisites
 
-* Node.js v10+
+* Node.js >= 12.13.0
 
 ## Prebuilt binaries
 
-Ready-compiled sharp and libvips binaries are provided for use with
+Ready-compiled sharp and libvips binaries are provided for use on the most common platforms:
-Node.js v10+ on the most common platforms:
 
 * macOS x64 (>= 10.13)
+* macOS ARM64
 * Linux x64 (glibc >= 2.17, musl >= 1.1.24)
 * Linux ARM64 (glibc >= 2.29, musl >= 1.1.24)
 * Windows x64
 * Windows x86
 
-An ~7.5MB tarball containing libvips and its most commonly used dependencies
+An ~7MB tarball containing libvips and its most commonly used dependencies
 is downloaded via HTTPS and stored within `node_modules/sharp/vendor` during `npm install`.
 
 This provides support for the
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, GIF (input) and SVG (input) image formats.
 
 The following platforms have prebuilt libvips but not sharp:
 
-* macOS ARM64
 * Linux ARMv6
 * Linux ARMv7 (glibc >= 2.28)
 * Windows ARM64
@@ -49,6 +48,7 @@ The following platforms require compilation of both libvips and sharp from sourc
 
 The architecture and platform of Node.js used for `npm install`
 must be the same as the architecture and platform of Node.js used at runtime.
+See the [cross-platform](#cross-platform) section if this is not the case.
 
 When using npm v6 or earlier, the `npm install --unsafe-perm` flag must be used when installing as `root` or a `sudo` user.
 
@@ -60,15 +60,36 @@ Check the output of running `npm install --verbose sharp` for useful error messa
 
 ## Apple M1
 
-Prebuilt libvips binaries are provided for macOS on ARM64 (since sharp v0.28.0).
+Prebuilt sharp and libvips binaries are provided for macOS on ARM64 from sharp v0.29.0.
 
-During `npm install` sharp will be built locally,
+Prebuilt libvips binaries were provided for macOS on ARM64 from sharp v0.28.0.
-which requires Xcode and Python - see
-[building from source](#building-from-source).
 
-When this new ARM64 CPU is made freely available
+## Cross-platform
-to open source projects via a CI service
+
-then prebuilt sharp binaries can also be provided.
+At `npm install` time, prebuilt binaries are automatically selected for the
+current OS platform and CPU architecture, where available.
+
+The target platform and/or architecture can be manually selected using the following flags.
+
+```sh
+npm install --platform=... --arch=... --arm-version=... sharp
+```
+
+* `--platform`: one of `linux`, `linuxmusl`, `darwin` or `win32`.
+* `--arch`: one of `x64`, `ia32`, `arm` or `arm64`.
+* `--arm-version`: one of `6`, `7` or `8` (`arm` defaults to `6`, `arm64` defaults to `8`).
+* `--sharp-install-force`: skip version compatibility checks.
+
+These values can also be set via environment variables,
+`npm_config_platform`, `npm_config_arch`, `npm_config_arm_version`
+and `SHARP_INSTALL_FORCE` respectively.
+
+For example, if the target machine has a 64-bit ARM CPU and is running Alpine Linux,
+use the following flags:
+
+```sh
+npm install --arch=arm64 --platform=linuxmusl sharp
+```
 
 ## Custom libvips
 
@@ -102,24 +123,24 @@ To install the prebuilt sharp binaries from a custom URL,
 set the `sharp_binary_host` npm config option
 or the `npm_config_sharp_binary_host` environment variable.
 
+To install the prebuilt sharp binaries from a directory on the local filesystem,
+set the `sharp_local_prebuilds` npm config option
+or the `npm_config_sharp_local_prebuilds` environment variable.
+
 To install the prebuilt libvips binaries from a custom URL,
 set the `sharp_libvips_binary_host` npm config option
 or the `npm_config_sharp_libvips_binary_host` environment variable.
 
-The version subpath and file name are appended to these. There should be tarballs available
+The version subpath and file name are appended to these.
-that are compressed with both gzip and Brotli, as the format downloaded will vary depending
-on whether the user's version of Node supports Brotli decompression (Node.js v10.16.0+)
-
 For example, if `sharp_libvips_binary_host` is set to `https://hostname/path`
 and the libvips version is `1.2.3` then the resultant URL will be
-`https://hostname/path/v1.2.3/libvips-1.2.3-platform-arch.tar.br` or 
+`https://hostname/path/v1.2.3/libvips-1.2.3-platform-arch.tar.br`.
-`https://hostname/path/v1.2.3/libvips-1.2.3-platform-arch.tar.gz`.
 
 See the Chinese mirror below for a further example.
 
 ## Chinese mirror
 
-Alibaba provide a mirror site based in China containing binaries for both sharp and libvips.
+A mirror site based in China, provided by Alibaba, contains binaries for both sharp and libvips.
 
 To use this either set the following configuration:
 
@@ -178,34 +199,18 @@ to `false` when using the `yarn` package manager.
 
 ## AWS Lambda
 
-Set the Lambda runtime to `nodejs12.x`.
+The `node_modules` directory of the
-
-The binaries in the `node_modules` directory of the
 [deployment package](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/nodejs-package.html)
-must be for the Linux x64 platform.
+must include binaries for the Linux x64 platform.
 
 When building your deployment package on machines other than Linux x64 (glibc),
-run the following commands:
+run the following additional command after `npm install`:
 
-macOS:
 ```sh
-rm -rf node_modules/sharp
+npm install
 SHARP_IGNORE_GLOBAL_LIBVIPS=1 npm install --arch=x64 --platform=linux sharp
 ```
 
-Windows:
-```sh
-rmdir /s /q node_modules/sharp
-npm install --arch=x64 --platform=linux sharp
-```
-
-Alternatively a Docker container closely matching the Lambda runtime can be used:
-
-```sh
-rm -rf node_modules/sharp
-docker run -v "$PWD":/var/task lambci/lambda:build-nodejs12.x npm install sharp
-```
-
 To get the best performance select the largest memory available.
 A 1536 MB function provides ~12x more CPU time than a 128 MB function.
 

docs/performance.md

@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ A test to benchmark the performance of this module relative to alternatives.
 ## The contenders
 
 * [jimp](https://www.npmjs.com/package/jimp) v0.16.1 - Image processing in pure JavaScript. Provides bicubic interpolation.
-* [mapnik](https://www.npmjs.org/package/mapnik) v4.5.6 - Whilst primarily a map renderer, Mapnik contains bitmap image utilities.
+* [mapnik](https://www.npmjs.org/package/mapnik) v4.5.8 - Whilst primarily a map renderer, Mapnik contains bitmap image utilities.
 * [imagemagick](https://www.npmjs.com/package/imagemagick) v0.1.3 - Supports filesystem only and "*has been unmaintained for a long time*".
 * [gm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/gm) v1.23.1 - Fully featured wrapper around GraphicsMagick's `gm` command line utility.
+* [@squoosh/lib](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@squoosh/lib) v0.4.0 - Image libraries transpiled to WebAssembly, includes GPLv3 code.
+* [@squoosh/cli](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@squoosh/cli) v0.7.2 - Command line wrapper around `@squoosh/lib`, avoids GPLv3 by spawning process.
 * sharp v0.28.0 / libvips v8.10.6 - Caching within libvips disabled to ensure a fair comparison.
 
 ## The task
@@ -19,21 +21,23 @@ then compress to JPEG at a "quality" setting of 80.
 ## Test environment
 
 * AWS EC2 eu-west-1 [c5ad.xlarge](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/c5/) (4x AMD EPYC 7R32)
-* Ubuntu 20.10 (ami-03f10415e8b0bfb86)
+* Ubuntu 21.04 (ami-0d7626a9c2ceab1ac)
-* Node.js v14.16.0
+* Node.js 16.6.2
 
 ## Results
 
 | Module             | Input  | Output | Ops/sec | Speed-up |
 | :----------------- | :----- | :----- | ------: | -------: |
-| jimp               | buffer | buffer |    0.78 |      1.0 |
+| jimp               | buffer | buffer |    0.83 |      1.0 |
-| mapnik             | buffer | buffer |    3.39 |      4.3 |
+| squoosh-cli        | file   | file   |    1.09 |      1.3 |
-| gm                 | buffer | buffer |    7.84 |     10.1 |
+| squoosh-lib        | buffer | buffer |    1.83 |      2.2 |
-| gm                 | file   | file   |    9.24 |     11.8 |
+| mapnik             | buffer | buffer |    3.41 |      4.1 |
-| imagemagick        | file   | file   |    9.37 |     12.0 |
+| gm                 | buffer | buffer |    8.34 |     10.0 |
-| sharp              | stream | stream |   26.84 |     34.4 |
+| imagemagick        | file   | file   |    8.67 |     10.4 |
-| sharp              | file   | file   |   29.76 |     38.2 |
+| gm                 | file   | file   |    8.82 |     10.6 |
-| sharp              | buffer | buffer |   31.60 |     40.5 |
+| sharp              | stream | stream |   29.44 |     35.5 |
+| sharp              | file   | file   |   29.64 |     35.7 |
+| sharp              | buffer | buffer |   31.09 |     37.5 |
 
 Greater libvips performance can be expected with caching enabled (default)
 and using 8+ core machines, especially those with larger L1/L2 CPU caches.

docs/search-index/build.js

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 const fs = require('fs');
 const path = require('path');
-const { extractDescription, extractKeywords } = require('./extract');
+const { extractDescription, extractKeywords, extractParameters } = require('./extract');
 
 const searchIndex = [];
 
@@ -37,18 +37,19 @@ for (const match of matches) {
 ].forEach((section) => {
   const contents = fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, '..', `api-${section}.md`), 'utf8');
   const matches = contents.matchAll(
-    /\n## (?<title>[A-Za-z]+)\n\n(?<firstparagraph>.+?)\n\n/gs
+    /\n## (?<title>[A-Za-z]+)\n\n(?<firstparagraph>.+?)\n\n(?<parameters>### Parameters.+?Returns)?/gs
   );
   for (const match of matches) {
-    const { title, firstparagraph } = match.groups;
+    const { title, firstparagraph, parameters } = match.groups;
     const description = firstparagraph.startsWith('###')
       ? 'Constructor'
       : extractDescription(firstparagraph);
+    const parameterNames = parameters ? extractParameters(parameters) : '';
 
     searchIndex.push({
       t: title,
       d: description,
-      k: extractKeywords(`${title} ${description}`),
+      k: extractKeywords(`${title} ${description} ${parameterNames}`),
       l: `/api-${section}#${title.toLowerCase()}`
     });
   }

docs/search-index/extract.js

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ const stopWords = require('./stop-words');
 
 const extractDescription = (str) =>
   str
+    .replace(/### Examples.*/sg, '')
     .replace(/\(http[^)]+/g, '')
     .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
     .replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9_/\-,. ]/g, '')
@@ -11,6 +12,11 @@ const extractDescription = (str) =>
     .substr(0, 180)
     .trim();
 
+const extractParameters = (str) =>
+  [...str.matchAll(/options\.(?<name>[^.`]+)/gs)]
+    .map((match) => match.groups.name)
+    .join(' ');
+
 const extractKeywords = (str) =>
   [
     ...new Set(
@@ -21,4 +27,4 @@ const extractKeywords = (str) =>
     )
   ].join(' ');
 
-module.exports = { extractDescription, extractKeywords };
+module.exports = { extractDescription, extractKeywords, extractParameters };

docs/search-index/stop-words.js

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ module.exports = [
   'before',
   'both',
   'call',
+  'callback',
   'can',
   'containing',
   'default',
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ module.exports = [
   'ensure',
   'etc',
   'every',
+  'except',
   'for',
   'from',
   'get',
@@ -49,12 +51,16 @@ module.exports = [
   'occur',
   'occurs',
   'options',
+  'other',
+  'out',
   'over',
   'perform',
   'performs',
   'provide',
   'provided',
   'ready',
+  'requires',
+  'returned',
   'same',
   'see',
   'set',
@@ -67,9 +73,11 @@ module.exports = [
   'supported',
   'sure',
   'take',
+  'than',
   'that',
   'the',
   'their',
+  'then',
   'there',
   'therefore',
   'these',

install/can-compile.js

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const libvips = require('../lib/libvips');
+
+try {
+  if (!(libvips.useGlobalLibvips() || libvips.hasVendoredLibvips())) {
+    process.exitCode = 1;
+  }
+} catch (err) {
+  process.exitCode = 1;
+}

install/dll-copy.js

@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ const fs = require('fs');
 const path = require('path');
 
 const libvips = require('../lib/libvips');
+const platform = require('../lib/platform');
 
 const minimumLibvipsVersion = libvips.minimumLibvipsVersion;
 
-const platform = process.env.npm_config_platform || process.platform;
+const platformAndArch = platform();
-if (platform === 'win32') {
+
-  const buildDir = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'build');
+if (platformAndArch.startsWith('win32')) {
-  const buildReleaseDir = path.join(buildDir, 'Release');
+  const buildReleaseDir = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'build', 'Release');
   libvips.log(`Creating ${buildReleaseDir}`);
   try {
-    libvips.mkdirSync(buildDir);
     libvips.mkdirSync(buildReleaseDir);
   } catch (err) {}
-  const vendorLibDir = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'vendor', minimumLibvipsVersion, 'lib');
+  const vendorLibDir = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'vendor', minimumLibvipsVersion, platformAndArch, 'lib');
   libvips.log(`Copying DLLs from ${vendorLibDir} to ${buildReleaseDir}`);
   try {
     fs

install/libvips.js

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ const stream = require('stream');
 const zlib = require('zlib');
 
 const detectLibc = require('detect-libc');
-const semver = require('semver');
+const semverLessThan = require('semver/functions/lt');
+const semverSatisfies = require('semver/functions/satisfies');
 const simpleGet = require('simple-get');
 const tarFs = require('tar-fs');
 
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ const minimumGlibcVersionByArch = {
 
 const hasSharpPrebuild = [
   'darwin-x64',
+  'darwin-arm64',
   'linux-arm64',
   'linux-x64',
   'linuxmusl-x64',
@@ -34,22 +36,27 @@ const hasSharpPrebuild = [
 const { minimumLibvipsVersion, minimumLibvipsVersionLabelled } = libvips;
 const distHost = process.env.npm_config_sharp_libvips_binary_host || 'https://github.com/lovell/sharp-libvips/releases/download';
 const distBaseUrl = process.env.npm_config_sharp_dist_base_url || process.env.SHARP_DIST_BASE_URL || `${distHost}/v${minimumLibvipsVersionLabelled}/`;
-const supportsBrotli = ('BrotliDecompress' in zlib);
+const installationForced = !!(process.env.npm_config_sharp_install_force || process.env.SHARP_INSTALL_FORCE);
 
 const fail = function (err) {
   libvips.log(err);
   if (err.code === 'EACCES') {
     libvips.log('Are you trying to install as a root or sudo user? Try again with the --unsafe-perm flag');
   }
-  libvips.log('Attempting to build from source via node-gyp but this may fail due to the above error');
   libvips.log('Please see https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install for required dependencies');
   process.exit(1);
 };
 
+const handleError = function (err) {
+  if (installationForced) {
+    libvips.log(`Installation warning: ${err.message}`);
+  } else {
+    throw err;
+  }
+};
+
 const extractTarball = function (tarPath, platformAndArch) {
-  const vendorPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'vendor');
+  const versionedVendorPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'vendor', minimumLibvipsVersion, platformAndArch);
-  libvips.mkdirSync(vendorPath);
-  const versionedVendorPath = path.join(vendorPath, minimumLibvipsVersion);
   libvips.mkdirSync(versionedVendorPath);
 
   const ignoreVendorInclude = hasSharpPrebuild.includes(platformAndArch) && !process.env.npm_config_build_from_source;
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ const extractTarball = function (tarPath, platformAndArch) {
 
   stream.pipeline(
     fs.createReadStream(tarPath),
-    supportsBrotli ? new zlib.BrotliDecompress() : new zlib.Gunzip(),
+    new zlib.BrotliDecompress(),
     tarFs.extract(versionedVendorPath, { ignore }),
     function (err) {
       if (err) {
@@ -95,26 +102,25 @@ try {
     if (platformAndArch === 'freebsd-x64' || platformAndArch === 'openbsd-x64' || platformAndArch === 'sunos-x64') {
       throw new Error(`BSD/SunOS systems require manual installation of libvips >= ${minimumLibvipsVersion}`);
     }
-    if (detectLibc.family === detectLibc.GLIBC && detectLibc.version) {
+    // Linux libc version check
-      if (semver.lt(`${detectLibc.version}.0`, `${minimumGlibcVersionByArch[arch]}.0`)) {
+    if (detectLibc.family === detectLibc.GLIBC && detectLibc.version && minimumGlibcVersionByArch[arch]) {
-        throw new Error(`Use with glibc ${detectLibc.version} requires manual installation of libvips >= ${minimumLibvipsVersion}`);
+      if (semverLessThan(`${detectLibc.version}.0`, `${minimumGlibcVersionByArch[arch]}.0`)) {
+        handleError(new Error(`Use with glibc ${detectLibc.version} requires manual installation of libvips >= ${minimumLibvipsVersion}`));
       }
     }
     if (detectLibc.family === detectLibc.MUSL && detectLibc.version) {
-      if (semver.lt(detectLibc.version, '1.1.24')) {
+      if (semverLessThan(detectLibc.version, '1.1.24')) {
-        throw new Error(`Use with musl ${detectLibc.version} requires manual installation of libvips >= ${minimumLibvipsVersion}`);
+        handleError(new Error(`Use with musl ${detectLibc.version} requires manual installation of libvips >= ${minimumLibvipsVersion}`));
       }
     }
-
+    // Node.js minimum version check
     const supportedNodeVersion = process.env.npm_package_engines_node || require('../package.json').engines.node;
-    if (!semver.satisfies(process.versions.node, supportedNodeVersion)) {
+    if (!semverSatisfies(process.versions.node, supportedNodeVersion)) {
-      throw new Error(`Expected Node.js version ${supportedNodeVersion} but found ${process.versions.node}`);
+      handleError(new Error(`Expected Node.js version ${supportedNodeVersion} but found ${process.versions.node}`));
     }
 
-    const extension = supportsBrotli ? 'br' : 'gz';
-
     // Download to per-process temporary file
-    const tarFilename = ['libvips', minimumLibvipsVersion, platformAndArch].join('-') + '.tar.' + extension;
+    const tarFilename = ['libvips', minimumLibvipsVersion, platformAndArch].join('-') + '.tar.br';
     const tarPathCache = path.join(libvips.cachePath(), tarFilename);
     if (fs.existsSync(tarPathCache)) {
       libvips.log(`Using cached ${tarPathCache}`);
@@ -145,7 +151,9 @@ try {
           tmpFileStream
             .on('error', function (err) {
               // Clean up temporary file
-              fs.unlinkSync(tarPathTemp);
+              try {
+                fs.unlinkSync(tarPathTemp);
+              } catch (e) {}
               fail(err);
             })
             .on('close', function () {
@@ -157,7 +165,7 @@ try {
                 fs.copyFileSync(tarPathTemp, tarPathCache);
                 fs.unlinkSync(tarPathTemp);
               }
-              extractTarball(tarPathCache);
+              extractTarball(tarPathCache, platformAndArch);
             });
         }
       });

lib/agent.js

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module.exports = function () {
       ? tunnelAgent.httpsOverHttps
       : tunnelAgent.httpsOverHttp;
     const proxyAuth = proxy.username && proxy.password
-      ? `${proxy.username}:${proxy.password}`
+      ? `${decodeURIComponent(proxy.username)}:${decodeURIComponent(proxy.password)}`
       : null;
     return tunnel({
       proxy: {

lib/channel.js

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ const bool = {
 /**
  * Remove alpha channel, if any. This is a no-op if the image does not have an alpha channel.
  *
+ * See also {@link /api-operation#flatten|flatten}.
+ *
  * @example
  * sharp('rgba.png')
  *   .removeAlpha()
@@ -30,21 +32,39 @@ function removeAlpha () {
 }
 
 /**
- * Ensure alpha channel, if missing. The added alpha channel will be fully opaque. This is a no-op if the image already has an alpha channel.
+ * Ensure the output image has an alpha transparency channel.
+ * If missing, the added alpha channel will have the specified
+ * transparency level, defaulting to fully-opaque (1).
+ * This is a no-op if the image already has an alpha channel.
  *
  * @since 0.21.2
  *
  * @example
- * sharp('rgb.jpg')
+ * // rgba.png will be a 4 channel image with a fully-opaque alpha channel
+ * await sharp('rgb.jpg')
  *   .ensureAlpha()
- *   .toFile('rgba.png', function(err, info) {
+ *   .toFile('rgba.png')
- *     // rgba.png is a 4 channel image with a fully opaque alpha channel
- *   });
  *
+ * @example
+ * // rgba is a 4 channel image with a fully-transparent alpha channel
+ * const rgba = await sharp(rgb)
+ *   .ensureAlpha(0)
+ *   .toBuffer();
+ *
+ * @param {number} [alpha=1] - alpha transparency level (0=fully-transparent, 1=fully-opaque)
  * @returns {Sharp}
+ * @throws {Error} Invalid alpha transparency level
  */
-function ensureAlpha () {
+function ensureAlpha (alpha) {
-  this.options.ensureAlpha = true;
+  if (is.defined(alpha)) {
+    if (is.number(alpha) && is.inRange(alpha, 0, 1)) {
+      this.options.ensureAlpha = alpha;
+    } else {
+      throw is.invalidParameterError('alpha', 'number between 0 and 1', alpha);
+    }
+  } else {
+    this.options.ensureAlpha = 1;
+  }
   return this;
 }
 
@@ -52,13 +72,17 @@ function ensureAlpha () {
  * Extract a single channel from a multi-channel image.
  *
  * @example
- * sharp(input)
+ * // green.jpg is a greyscale image containing the green channel of the input
+ * await sharp(input)
  *   .extractChannel('green')
- *   .toColourspace('b-w')
+ *   .toFile('green.jpg');
- *   .toFile('green.jpg', function(err, info) {
+ *
- *     // info.channels === 1
+ * @example
- *     // green.jpg is a greyscale image containing the green channel of the input
+ * // red1 is the red value of the first pixel, red2 the second pixel etc.
- *    });
+ * const [red1, red2, ...] = await sharp(input)
+ *   .extractChannel(0)
+ *   .raw()
+ *   .toBuffer();
  *
  * @param {number|string} channel - zero-indexed channel/band number to extract, or `red`, `green`, `blue` or `alpha`.
  * @returns {Sharp}
@@ -74,7 +98,7 @@ function extractChannel (channel) {
   } else {
     throw is.invalidParameterError('channel', 'integer or one of: red, green, blue, alpha', channel);
   }
-  return this;
+  return this.toColourspace('b-w');
 }
 
 /**

lib/colour.js

@@ -54,6 +54,45 @@ function grayscale (grayscale) {
   return this.greyscale(grayscale);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Set the pipeline colourspace.
+ *
+ * The input image will be converted to the provided colourspace at the start of the pipeline.
+ * All operations will use this colourspace before converting to the output colourspace, as defined by {@link toColourspace}.
+ *
+ * This feature is experimental and has not yet been fully-tested with all operations.
+ *
+ * @since 0.29.0
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Run pipeline in 16 bits per channel RGB while converting final result to 8 bits per channel sRGB.
+ * await sharp(input)
+ *  .pipelineColourspace('rgb16')
+ *  .toColourspace('srgb')
+ *  .toFile('16bpc-pipeline-to-8bpc-output.png')
+ *
+ * @param {string} [colourspace] - pipeline colourspace e.g. `rgb16`, `scrgb`, `lab`, `grey16` [...](https://github.com/libvips/libvips/blob/41cff4e9d0838498487a00623462204eb10ee5b8/libvips/iofuncs/enumtypes.c#L774)
+ * @returns {Sharp}
+ * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
+ */
+function pipelineColourspace (colourspace) {
+  if (!is.string(colourspace)) {
+    throw is.invalidParameterError('colourspace', 'string', colourspace);
+  }
+  this.options.colourspaceInput = colourspace;
+  return this;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Alternative spelling of `pipelineColourspace`.
+ * @param {string} [colorspace] - pipeline colorspace.
+ * @returns {Sharp}
+ * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
+ */
+function pipelineColorspace (colorspace) {
+  return this.pipelineColourspace(colorspace);
+}
+
 /**
  * Set the output colourspace.
  * By default output image will be web-friendly sRGB, with additional channels interpreted as alpha channels.
@@ -64,7 +103,7 @@ function grayscale (grayscale) {
  *  .toColourspace('rgb16')
  *  .toFile('16-bpp.png')
  *
- * @param {string} [colourspace] - output colourspace e.g. `srgb`, `rgb`, `cmyk`, `lab`, `b-w` [...](https://github.com/libvips/libvips/blob/master/libvips/iofuncs/enumtypes.c#L568)
+ * @param {string} [colourspace] - output colourspace e.g. `srgb`, `rgb`, `cmyk`, `lab`, `b-w` [...](https://github.com/libvips/libvips/blob/3c0bfdf74ce1dc37a6429bed47fa76f16e2cd70a/libvips/iofuncs/enumtypes.c#L777-L794)
  * @returns {Sharp}
  * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
  */
@@ -119,6 +158,8 @@ module.exports = function (Sharp) {
     tint,
     greyscale,
     grayscale,
+    pipelineColourspace,
+    pipelineColorspace,
     toColourspace,
     toColorspace,
     // Private

lib/composite.js

@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ const blend = {
  * @param {Number} [images[].raw.width]
  * @param {Number} [images[].raw.height]
  * @param {Number} [images[].raw.channels]
+ * @param {boolean} [images[].failOnError=true] - @see {@link /api-constructor#parameters|constructor parameters}
+ * @param {number|boolean} [images[].limitInputPixels=268402689] - @see {@link /api-constructor#parameters|constructor parameters}
  * @returns {Sharp}
  * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
  */

lib/constructor.js

@@ -5,32 +5,7 @@ const stream = require('stream');
 const is = require('./is');
 
 require('./libvips').hasVendoredLibvips();
-
+require('./sharp');
-/* istanbul ignore next */
-try {
-  require('../build/Release/sharp.node');
-} catch (err) {
-  // Bail early if bindings aren't available
-  const help = ['', 'Something went wrong installing the "sharp" module', '', err.message, ''];
-  if (/NODE_MODULE_VERSION/.test(err.message)) {
-    help.push('- Ensure the version of Node.js used at install time matches that used at runtime');
-  } else if (/invalid ELF header/.test(err.message)) {
-    help.push(`- Ensure "${process.platform}" is used at install time as well as runtime`);
-  } else if (/dylib/.test(err.message) && /Incompatible library version/.test(err.message)) {
-    help.push('- Run "brew update && brew upgrade vips"');
-  } else {
-    help.push(
-      '- Remove the "node_modules/sharp" directory then run',
-      '  "npm install --ignore-scripts=false --verbose sharp" and look for errors'
-    );
-  }
-  help.push(
-    '- Consult the installation documentation at https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install',
-    '- Search for this error at https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues', ''
-  );
-  const error = help.join('\n');
-  throw new Error(error);
-}
 
 // Use NODE_DEBUG=sharp to enable libvips warnings
 const debuglog = util.debuglog('sharp');
@@ -117,8 +92,9 @@ const debuglog = util.debuglog('sharp');
  *  }
  * }).toFile('noise.png');
  *
- * @param {(Buffer|Uint8Array|Uint8ClampedArray|string)} [input] - if present, can be
+ * @param {(Buffer|Uint8Array|Uint8ClampedArray|Int8Array|Uint16Array|Int16Array|Uint32Array|Int32Array|Float32Array|Float64Array|string)} [input] - if present, can be
- *  a Buffer / Uint8Array / Uint8ClampedArray containing JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG, TIFF or raw pixel image data, or
+ *  a Buffer / Uint8Array / Uint8ClampedArray containing JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG or TIFF image data, or
+ *  a TypedArray containing raw pixel image data, or
  *  a String containing the filesystem path to an JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG or TIFF image file.
  *  JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, GIF, SVG, TIFF or raw pixel image data can be streamed into the object when not present.
  * @param {Object} [options] - if present, is an Object with optional attributes.
@@ -132,12 +108,15 @@ const debuglog = util.debuglog('sharp');
  * @param {number} [options.density=72] - number representing the DPI for vector images in the range 1 to 100000.
  * @param {number} [options.pages=1] - number of pages to extract for multi-page input (GIF, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, PDF), use -1 for all pages.
  * @param {number} [options.page=0] - page number to start extracting from for multi-page input (GIF, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, PDF), zero based.
+ * @param {number} [options.subifd=-1] - subIFD (Sub Image File Directory) to extract for OME-TIFF, defaults to main image.
  * @param {number} [options.level=0] - level to extract from a multi-level input (OpenSlide), zero based.
  * @param {boolean} [options.animated=false] - Set to `true` to read all frames/pages of an animated image (equivalent of setting `pages` to `-1`).
  * @param {Object} [options.raw] - describes raw pixel input image data. See `raw()` for pixel ordering.
  * @param {number} [options.raw.width] - integral number of pixels wide.
  * @param {number} [options.raw.height] - integral number of pixels high.
  * @param {number} [options.raw.channels] - integral number of channels, between 1 and 4.
+ * @param {boolean} [options.raw.premultiplied] - specifies that the raw input has already been premultiplied, set to `true`
+ *  to avoid sharp premultiplying the image. (optional, default `false`)
  * @param {Object} [options.create] - describes a new image to be created.
  * @param {number} [options.create.width] - integral number of pixels wide.
  * @param {number} [options.create.height] - integral number of pixels high.
@@ -201,6 +180,7 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
     flatten: false,
     flattenBackground: [0, 0, 0],
     negate: false,
+    negateAlpha: true,
     medianSize: 0,
     blurSigma: 0,
     sharpenSigma: 0,
@@ -213,6 +193,9 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
     gammaOut: 0,
     greyscale: false,
     normalise: false,
+    claheWidth: 0,
+    claheHeight: 0,
+    claheMaxSlope: 3,
     brightness: 1,
     saturation: 1,
     hue: 0,
@@ -221,8 +204,9 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
     joinChannelIn: [],
     extractChannel: -1,
     removeAlpha: false,
-    ensureAlpha: false,
+    ensureAlpha: -1,
     colourspace: 'srgb',
+    colourspaceInput: 'last',
     composite: [],
     // output
     fileOut: '',
@@ -230,7 +214,9 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
     streamOut: false,
     withMetadata: false,
     withMetadataOrientation: -1,
+    withMetadataDensity: 0,
     withMetadataIcc: '',
+    withMetadataStrs: {},
     resolveWithObject: false,
     // output format
     jpegQuality: 80,
@@ -268,7 +254,8 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
     heifLossless: false,
     heifCompression: 'av1',
     heifSpeed: 5,
-    heifChromaSubsampling: '4:2:0',
+    heifChromaSubsampling: '4:4:4',
+    rawDepth: 'uchar',
     tileSize: 256,
     tileOverlap: 0,
     tileContainer: 'fs',

lib/input.js

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 
 const color = require('color');
 const is = require('./is');
-const sharp = require('../build/Release/sharp.node');
+const sharp = require('./sharp');
 
 /**
  * Extract input options, if any, from an object.
  * @private
  */
 function _inputOptionsFromObject (obj) {
-  const { raw, density, limitInputPixels, sequentialRead, failOnError, animated, page, pages } = obj;
+  const { raw, density, limitInputPixels, sequentialRead, failOnError, animated, page, pages, subifd } = obj;
-  return [raw, density, limitInputPixels, sequentialRead, failOnError, animated, page, pages].some(is.defined)
+  return [raw, density, limitInputPixels, sequentialRead, failOnError, animated, page, pages, subifd].some(is.defined)
-    ? { raw, density, limitInputPixels, sequentialRead, failOnError, animated, page, pages }
+    ? { raw, density, limitInputPixels, sequentialRead, failOnError, animated, page, pages, subifd }
     : undefined;
 }
 
@@ -30,9 +30,14 @@ function _createInputDescriptor (input, inputOptions, containerOptions) {
     inputDescriptor.file = input;
   } else if (is.buffer(input)) {
     // Buffer
+    if (input.length === 0) {
+      throw Error('Input Buffer is empty');
+    }
     inputDescriptor.buffer = input;
-  } else if (is.uint8Array(input)) {
+  } else if (is.typedArray(input)) {
-    // Uint8Array or Uint8ClampedArray
+    if (input.length === 0) {
+      throw Error('Input Bit Array is empty');
+    }
     inputDescriptor.buffer = Buffer.from(input.buffer);
   } else if (is.plainObject(input) && !is.defined(inputOptions)) {
     // Plain Object descriptor, e.g. create
@@ -97,6 +102,38 @@ function _createInputDescriptor (input, inputOptions, containerOptions) {
         inputDescriptor.rawWidth = inputOptions.raw.width;
         inputDescriptor.rawHeight = inputOptions.raw.height;
         inputDescriptor.rawChannels = inputOptions.raw.channels;
+        inputDescriptor.rawPremultiplied = !!inputOptions.raw.premultiplied;
+
+        switch (input.constructor) {
+          case Uint8Array:
+          case Uint8ClampedArray:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'uchar';
+            break;
+          case Int8Array:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'char';
+            break;
+          case Uint16Array:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'ushort';
+            break;
+          case Int16Array:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'short';
+            break;
+          case Uint32Array:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'uint';
+            break;
+          case Int32Array:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'int';
+            break;
+          case Float32Array:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'float';
+            break;
+          case Float64Array:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'double';
+            break;
+          default:
+            inputDescriptor.rawDepth = 'uchar';
+            break;
+        }
       } else {
         throw new Error('Expected width, height and channels for raw pixel input');
       }
@@ -131,6 +168,14 @@ function _createInputDescriptor (input, inputOptions, containerOptions) {
         throw is.invalidParameterError('level', 'integer between 0 and 256', inputOptions.level);
       }
     }
+    // Sub Image File Directory (TIFF)
+    if (is.defined(inputOptions.subifd)) {
+      if (is.integer(inputOptions.subifd) && is.inRange(inputOptions.subifd, -1, 100000)) {
+        inputDescriptor.subifd = inputOptions.subifd;
+      } else {
+        throw is.invalidParameterError('subifd', 'integer between -1 and 100000', inputOptions.subifd);
+      }
+    }
     // Create new image
     if (is.defined(inputOptions.create)) {
       if (
@@ -255,6 +300,9 @@ function _isStreamInput () {
  * - `delay`: Delay in ms between each page in an animated image, provided as an array of integers.
  * - `pagePrimary`: Number of the primary page in a HEIF image
  * - `levels`: Details of each level in a multi-level image provided as an array of objects, requires libvips compiled with support for OpenSlide
+ * - `subifds`: Number of Sub Image File Directories in an OME-TIFF image
+ * - `background`: Default background colour, if present, for PNG (bKGD) and GIF images, either an RGB Object or a single greyscale value
+ * - `compression`: The encoder used to compress an HEIF file, `av1` (AVIF) or `hevc` (HEIC)
  * - `hasProfile`: Boolean indicating the presence of an embedded ICC profile
  * - `hasAlpha`: Boolean indicating the presence of an alpha transparency channel
  * - `orientation`: Number value of the EXIF Orientation header, if present
@@ -340,6 +388,9 @@ function metadata (callback) {
  * - `sharpness`: Estimation of greyscale sharpness based on the standard deviation of a Laplacian convolution, discarding alpha channel if any (experimental)
  * - `dominant`: Object containing most dominant sRGB colour based on a 4096-bin 3D histogram (experimental)
  *
+ * **Note**: Statistics are derived from the original input image. Any operations performed on the image must first be
+ * written to a buffer in order to run `stats` on the result (see third example).
+ *
  * @example
  * const image = sharp(inputJpg);
  * image
@@ -352,6 +403,13 @@ function metadata (callback) {
  * const { entropy, sharpness, dominant } = await sharp(input).stats();
  * const { r, g, b } = dominant;
  *
+ * @example
+ * const image = sharp(input);
+ * // store intermediate result
+ * const part = await image.extract(region).toBuffer();
+ * // create new instance to obtain statistics of extracted region
+ * const stats = await sharp(part).stats();
+ *
  * @param {Function} [callback] - called with the arguments `(err, stats)`
  * @returns {Promise<Object>}
  */

lib/is.js

@@ -49,12 +49,26 @@ const buffer = function (val) {
 };
 
 /**
- * Is this value a Uint8Array or Uint8ClampedArray object?
+ * Is this value a typed array object?. E.g. Uint8Array or Uint8ClampedArray?
  * @private
  */
-const uint8Array = function (val) {
+const typedArray = function (val) {
-  // allow both since Uint8ClampedArray simply clamps the values between 0-255
+  if (defined(val)) {
-  return val instanceof Uint8Array || val instanceof Uint8ClampedArray;
+    switch (val.constructor) {
+      case Uint8Array:
+      case Uint8ClampedArray:
+      case Int8Array:
+      case Uint16Array:
+      case Int16Array:
+      case Uint32Array:
+      case Int32Array:
+      case Float32Array:
+      case Float64Array:
+        return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -119,7 +133,7 @@ module.exports = {
   fn: fn,
   bool: bool,
   buffer: buffer,
-  uint8Array: uint8Array,
+  typedArray: typedArray,
   string: string,
   number: number,
   integer: integer,

lib/libvips.js

@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ const fs = require('fs');
 const os = require('os');
 const path = require('path');
 const spawnSync = require('child_process').spawnSync;
-const semver = require('semver');
+const semverCoerce = require('semver/functions/coerce');
+const semverGreaterThanOrEqualTo = require('semver/functions/gte');
+
 const platform = require('./platform');
 
 const env = process.env;
 const minimumLibvipsVersionLabelled = env.npm_package_config_libvips || /* istanbul ignore next */
   require('../package.json').config.libvips;
-const minimumLibvipsVersion = semver.coerce(minimumLibvipsVersionLabelled).version;
+const minimumLibvipsVersion = semverCoerce(minimumLibvipsVersionLabelled).version;
 
 const spawnSyncOptions = {
   encoding: 'utf8',
@@ -19,9 +21,9 @@ const spawnSyncOptions = {
 
 const mkdirSync = function (dirPath) {
   try {
-    fs.mkdirSync(dirPath);
+    fs.mkdirSync(dirPath, { recursive: true });
   } catch (err) {
-    /* istanbul ignore if */
+    /* istanbul ignore next */
     if (err.code !== 'EEXIST') {
       throw err;
     }
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ const cachePath = function () {
 
 const log = function (item) {
   if (item instanceof Error) {
-    console.error(`sharp: ${item.message}`);
+    console.error(`sharp: Installation error: ${item.message}`);
   } else {
     console.log(`sharp: ${item}`);
   }
@@ -65,23 +67,8 @@ const globalLibvipsVersion = function () {
 };
 
 const hasVendoredLibvips = function () {
-  const currentPlatformId = platform();
+  const vendorPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'vendor', minimumLibvipsVersion, platform());
-  const vendorPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'vendor', minimumLibvipsVersion);
+  return fs.existsSync(vendorPath);
-  let vendorPlatformId;
-  try {
-    vendorPlatformId = require(path.join(vendorPath, 'platform.json'));
-  } catch (err) {}
-  /* istanbul ignore else */
-  if (vendorPlatformId) {
-    /* istanbul ignore else */
-    if (currentPlatformId === vendorPlatformId) {
-      return true;
-    } else {
-      throw new Error(`'${vendorPlatformId}' binaries cannot be used on the '${currentPlatformId}' platform. Please remove the 'node_modules/sharp' directory and run 'npm install' on the '${currentPlatformId}' platform.`);
-    }
-  } else {
-    return false;
-  }
 };
 
 const pkgConfigPath = function () {
@@ -105,7 +92,7 @@ const useGlobalLibvips = function () {
   }
   const globalVipsVersion = globalLibvipsVersion();
   return !!globalVipsVersion && /* istanbul ignore next */
-    semver.gte(globalVipsVersion, minimumLibvipsVersion);
+    semverGreaterThanOrEqualTo(globalVipsVersion, minimumLibvipsVersion);
 };
 
 module.exports = {

lib/operation.js

@@ -270,9 +270,11 @@ function blur (sigma) {
 /**
  * Merge alpha transparency channel, if any, with a background, then remove the alpha channel.
  *
+ * See also {@link /api-channel#removealpha|removeAlpha}.
+ *
  * @example
  * await sharp(rgbaInput)
- *   .flatten('#F0A703')
+ *   .flatten({ background: '#F0A703' })
  *   .toBuffer();
  *
  * @param {Object} [options]
@@ -323,11 +325,19 @@ function gamma (gamma, gammaOut) {
 
 /**
  * Produce the "negative" of the image.
- * @param {Boolean} [negate=true]
+ * @param {Object} [options]
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.alpha=true] Whether or not to negate any alpha channel
  * @returns {Sharp}
  */
-function negate (negate) {
+function negate (options) {
-  this.options.negate = is.bool(negate) ? negate : true;
+  this.options.negate = is.bool(options) ? options : true;
+  if (is.plainObject(options) && 'alpha' in options) {
+    if (!is.bool(options.alpha)) {
+      throw is.invalidParameterError('alpha', 'should be boolean value', options.alpha);
+    } else {
+      this.options.negateAlpha = options.alpha;
+    }
+  }
   return this;
 }
 
@@ -350,6 +360,47 @@ function normalize (normalize) {
   return this.normalise(normalize);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Perform contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization
+ * {@link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_histogram_equalization#Contrast_Limited_AHE|CLAHE}.
+ *
+ * This will, in general, enhance the clarity of the image by bringing out darker details.
+ *
+ * @since 0.28.3
+ *
+ * @param {Object} options
+ * @param {number} options.width - integer width of the region in pixels.
+ * @param {number} options.height - integer height of the region in pixels.
+ * @param {number} [options.maxSlope=3] - maximum value for the slope of the
+ *  cumulative histogram. A value of 0 disables contrast limiting. Valid values
+ *  are integers in the range 0-100 (inclusive)
+ * @returns {Sharp}
+ * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
+ */
+function clahe (options) {
+  if (!is.plainObject(options)) {
+    throw is.invalidParameterError('options', 'plain object', options);
+  }
+  if (!('width' in options) || !is.integer(options.width) || options.width <= 0) {
+    throw is.invalidParameterError('width', 'integer above zero', options.width);
+  } else {
+    this.options.claheWidth = options.width;
+  }
+  if (!('height' in options) || !is.integer(options.height) || options.height <= 0) {
+    throw is.invalidParameterError('height', 'integer above zero', options.height);
+  } else {
+    this.options.claheHeight = options.height;
+  }
+  if (!is.defined(options.maxSlope)) {
+    this.options.claheMaxSlope = 3;
+  } else if (!is.integer(options.maxSlope) || options.maxSlope < 0 || options.maxSlope > 100) {
+    throw is.invalidParameterError('maxSlope', 'integer 0-100', options.maxSlope);
+  } else {
+    this.options.claheMaxSlope = options.maxSlope;
+  }
+  return this;
+}
+
 /**
  * Convolve the image with the specified kernel.
  *
@@ -368,7 +419,7 @@ function normalize (normalize) {
  *
  * @param {Object} kernel
  * @param {number} kernel.width - width of the kernel in pixels.
- * @param {number} kernel.height - width of the kernel in pixels.
+ * @param {number} kernel.height - height of the kernel in pixels.
  * @param {Array<number>} kernel.kernel - Array of length `width*height` containing the kernel values.
  * @param {number} [kernel.scale=sum] - the scale of the kernel in pixels.
  * @param {number} [kernel.offset=0] - the offset of the kernel in pixels.
@@ -594,6 +645,7 @@ module.exports = function (Sharp) {
     negate,
     normalise,
     normalize,
+    clahe,
     convolve,
     threshold,
     boolean,

lib/output.js

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 const is = require('./is');
-const sharp = require('../build/Release/sharp.node');
+const sharp = require('./sharp');
 
 const formats = new Map([
   ['heic', 'heif'],
@@ -148,9 +148,29 @@ function toBuffer (options, callback) {
  *   .toFile('output-with-metadata.jpg')
  *   .then(info => { ... });
  *
+ * @example
+ * // Set "IFD0-Copyright" in output EXIF metadata
+ * const data = await sharp(input)
+ *   .withMetadata({
+ *     exif: {
+ *       IFD0: {
+ *         Copyright: 'Wernham Hogg'
+ *       }
+ *     }
+ *   })
+ *   .toBuffer();
+ *
+ *  * @example
+ * // Set output metadata to 96 DPI
+ * const data = await sharp(input)
+ *   .withMetadata({ density: 96 })
+ *   .toBuffer();
+ *
  * @param {Object} [options]
  * @param {number} [options.orientation] value between 1 and 8, used to update the EXIF `Orientation` tag.
  * @param {string} [options.icc] filesystem path to output ICC profile, defaults to sRGB.
+ * @param {Object<Object>} [options.exif={}] Object keyed by IFD0, IFD1 etc. of key/value string pairs to write as EXIF data.
+ * @param {number} [options.density] Number of pixels per inch (DPI).
  * @returns {Sharp}
  * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
  */
@@ -164,6 +184,13 @@ function withMetadata (options) {
         throw is.invalidParameterError('orientation', 'integer between 1 and 8', options.orientation);
       }
     }
+    if (is.defined(options.density)) {
+      if (is.number(options.density) && options.density > 0) {
+        this.options.withMetadataDensity = options.density;
+      } else {
+        throw is.invalidParameterError('density', 'positive number', options.density);
+      }
+    }
     if (is.defined(options.icc)) {
       if (is.string(options.icc)) {
         this.options.withMetadataIcc = options.icc;
@@ -171,6 +198,25 @@ function withMetadata (options) {
         throw is.invalidParameterError('icc', 'string filesystem path to ICC profile', options.icc);
       }
     }
+    if (is.defined(options.exif)) {
+      if (is.object(options.exif)) {
+        for (const [ifd, entries] of Object.entries(options.exif)) {
+          if (is.object(entries)) {
+            for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(entries)) {
+              if (is.string(v)) {
+                this.options.withMetadataStrs[`exif-${ifd.toLowerCase()}-${k}`] = v;
+              } else {
+                throw is.invalidParameterError(`exif.${ifd}.${k}`, 'string', v);
+              }
+            }
+          } else {
+            throw is.invalidParameterError(`exif.${ifd}`, 'object', entries);
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        throw is.invalidParameterError('exif', 'object', options.exif);
+      }
+    }
   }
   return this;
 }
@@ -383,6 +429,12 @@ function png (options) {
  *   .webp({ lossless: true })
  *   .toBuffer();
  *
+ * @example
+ * // Optimise the file size of an animated WebP
+ * const outputWebp = await sharp(inputWebp, { animated: true })
+ *   .webp({ reductionEffort: 6 })
+ *   .toBuffer();
+ *
  * @param {Object} [options] - output options
  * @param {number} [options.quality=80] - quality, integer 1-100
  * @param {number} [options.alphaQuality=100] - quality of alpha layer, integer 0-100
@@ -608,7 +660,7 @@ function tiff (options) {
  * @param {number} [options.quality=50] - quality, integer 1-100
  * @param {boolean} [options.lossless=false] - use lossless compression
  * @param {number} [options.speed=5] - CPU effort vs file size, 0 (slowest/smallest) to 8 (fastest/largest)
- * @param {string} [options.chromaSubsampling='4:2:0'] - set to '4:4:4' to prevent chroma subsampling otherwise defaults to '4:2:0' chroma subsampling, requires libvips v8.11.0
+ * @param {string} [options.chromaSubsampling='4:4:4'] - set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling
  * @returns {Sharp}
  * @throws {Error} Invalid options
  */
@@ -629,7 +681,7 @@ function avif (options) {
  * @param {string} [options.compression='av1'] - compression format: av1, hevc
  * @param {boolean} [options.lossless=false] - use lossless compression
  * @param {number} [options.speed=5] - CPU effort vs file size, 0 (slowest/smallest) to 8 (fastest/largest)
- * @param {string} [options.chromaSubsampling='4:2:0'] - set to '4:4:4' to prevent chroma subsampling otherwise defaults to '4:2:0' chroma subsampling, requires libvips v8.11.0
+ * @param {string} [options.chromaSubsampling='4:4:4'] - set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling
  * @returns {Sharp}
  * @throws {Error} Invalid options
  */
@@ -675,28 +727,41 @@ function heif (options) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Force output to be raw, uncompressed, 8-bit unsigned integer (unit8) pixel data.
+ * Force output to be raw, uncompressed pixel data.
  * Pixel ordering is left-to-right, top-to-bottom, without padding.
  * Channel ordering will be RGB or RGBA for non-greyscale colourspaces.
  *
  * @example
- * // Extract raw RGB pixel data from JPEG input
+ * // Extract raw, unsigned 8-bit RGB pixel data from JPEG input
  * const { data, info } = await sharp('input.jpg')
  *   .raw()
  *   .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
  *
  * @example
- * // Extract alpha channel as raw pixel data from PNG input
+ * // Extract alpha channel as raw, unsigned 16-bit pixel data from PNG input
  * const data = await sharp('input.png')
  *   .ensureAlpha()
  *   .extractChannel(3)
  *   .toColourspace('b-w')
- *   .raw()
+ *   .raw({ depth: 'ushort' })
  *   .toBuffer();
  *
- * @returns {Sharp}
+ * @param {Object} [options] - output options
+ * @param {string} [options.depth='uchar'] - bit depth, one of: char, uchar (default), short, ushort, int, uint, float, complex, double, dpcomplex
+ * @throws {Error} Invalid options
  */
-function raw () {
+function raw (options) {
+  if (is.object(options)) {
+    if (is.defined(options.depth)) {
+      if (is.string(options.depth) && is.inArray(options.depth,
+        ['char', 'uchar', 'short', 'ushort', 'int', 'uint', 'float', 'complex', 'double', 'dpcomplex']
+      )) {
+        this.options.rawDepth = options.depth;
+      } else {
+        throw is.invalidParameterError('depth', 'one of: char, uchar, short, ushort, int, uint, float, complex, double, dpcomplex', options.depth);
+      }
+    }
+  }
   return this._updateFormatOut('raw');
 }
 

lib/sharp.js

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const platformAndArch = require('./platform')();
+
+/* istanbul ignore next */
+try {
+  module.exports = require(`../build/Release/sharp-${platformAndArch}.node`);
+} catch (err) {
+  // Bail early if bindings aren't available
+  const help = ['', 'Something went wrong installing the "sharp" module', '', err.message, '', 'Possible solutions:'];
+  if (/dylib/.test(err.message) && /Incompatible library version/.test(err.message)) {
+    help.push('- Update Homebrew: "brew update && brew upgrade vips"');
+  } else {
+    help.push(
+      '- Install with the --verbose flag and look for errors: "npm install --ignore-scripts=false --verbose sharp"',
+      `- Install for the current runtime: "npm install --platform=${process.platform} --arch=${process.arch} sharp"`
+    );
+  }
+  help.push(
+    '- Consult the installation documentation: https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install'
+  );
+  console.error(help.join('\n'));
+  process.exit(1);
+}

lib/utility.js

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ const events = require('events');
 const detectLibc = require('detect-libc');
 
 const is = require('./is');
-const sharp = require('../build/Release/sharp.node');
+const sharp = require('./sharp');
 
 /**
  * An Object containing nested boolean values representing the available input and output formats/methods.

package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "sharp",
   "description": "High performance Node.js image processing, the fastest module to resize JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF and TIFF images",
-  "version": "0.28.0",
+  "version": "0.29.0",
   "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/lovell/sharp",
   "contributors": [
@@ -74,12 +74,17 @@
     "Christian Flintrup <chr@gigahost.dk>",
     "Manan Jadhav <manan@motionden.com>",
     "Leon Radley <leon@radley.se>",
-    "alza54 <alza54@thiocod.in>"
+    "alza54 <alza54@thiocod.in>",
+    "Jacob Smith <jacob@frende.me>",
+    "Michael Nutt <michael@nutt.im>",
+    "Brad Parham <baparham@gmail.com>",
+    "Taneli Vatanen <taneli.vatanen@gmail.com>"
   ],
   "scripts": {
-    "install": "(node install/libvips && node install/dll-copy && prebuild-install) || (node-gyp rebuild && node install/dll-copy)",
+    "install": "(node install/libvips && node install/dll-copy && prebuild-install) || (node install/can-compile && node-gyp rebuild && node install/dll-copy)",
     "clean": "rm -rf node_modules/ build/ vendor/ .nyc_output/ coverage/ test/fixtures/output.*",
-    "test": "semistandard && cpplint && npm run test-unit && npm run test-licensing",
+    "test": "npm run test-lint && npm run test-unit && npm run test-licensing",
+    "test-lint": "semistandard && cpplint",
     "test-unit": "nyc --reporter=lcov --branches=99 mocha --slow=1000 --timeout=60000 ./test/unit/*.js",
     "test-licensing": "license-checker --production --summary --onlyAllow=\"Apache-2.0;BSD;ISC;MIT\"",
     "test-coverage": "./test/coverage/report.sh",
@@ -117,45 +122,45 @@
     "vips"
   ],
   "dependencies": {
-    "color": "^3.1.3",
+    "color": "^4.0.1",
     "detect-libc": "^1.0.3",
-    "node-addon-api": "^3.1.0",
+    "node-addon-api": "^4.0.0",
-    "prebuild-install": "^6.0.1",
+    "prebuild-install": "^6.1.4",
     "semver": "^7.3.5",
     "simple-get": "^3.1.0",
     "tar-fs": "^2.1.1",
     "tunnel-agent": "^0.6.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "async": "^3.2.0",
+    "async": "^3.2.1",
     "cc": "^3.0.1",
     "decompress-zip": "^0.3.3",
-    "documentation": "^13.2.0",
+    "documentation": "^13.2.5",
     "exif-reader": "^1.0.3",
     "icc": "^2.0.0",
     "license-checker": "^25.0.1",
-    "mocha": "^8.3.2",
+    "mocha": "^9.0.3",
-    "mock-fs": "^4.13.0",
+    "mock-fs": "^5.0.0",
     "nyc": "^15.1.0",
     "prebuild": "^10.0.1",
     "rimraf": "^3.0.2",
-    "semistandard": "^16.0.0"
+    "semistandard": "^16.0.1"
   },
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "config": {
-    "libvips": "8.10.6",
+    "libvips": "8.11.3",
     "runtime": "napi",
-    "target": 3
+    "target": 5
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=10"
+    "node": ">=12.13.0"
   },
   "funding": {
     "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
   },
   "binary": {
     "napi_versions": [
-      3
+      5
     ]
   },
   "semistandard": {

src/common.cc

@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ namespace sharp {
   std::string AttrAsStr(Napi::Object obj, std::string attr) {
     return obj.Get(attr).As<Napi::String>();
   }
+  std::string AttrAsStr(Napi::Object obj, unsigned int const attr) {
+    return obj.Get(attr).As<Napi::String>();
+  }
   uint32_t AttrAsUint32(Napi::Object obj, std::string attr) {
     return obj.Get(attr).As<Napi::Number>().Uint32Value();
   }
@@ -89,9 +92,13 @@ namespace sharp {
     }
     // Raw pixel input
     if (HasAttr(input, "rawChannels")) {
+      descriptor->rawDepth = static_cast<VipsBandFormat>(
+        vips_enum_from_nick(nullptr, VIPS_TYPE_BAND_FORMAT,
+        AttrAsStr(input, "rawDepth").data()));
       descriptor->rawChannels = AttrAsUint32(input, "rawChannels");
       descriptor->rawWidth = AttrAsUint32(input, "rawWidth");
       descriptor->rawHeight = AttrAsUint32(input, "rawHeight");
+      descriptor->rawPremultiplied = AttrAsBool(input, "rawPremultiplied");
     }
     // Multi-page input (GIF, TIFF, PDF)
     if (HasAttr(input, "pages")) {
@@ -104,6 +111,10 @@ namespace sharp {
     if (HasAttr(input, "level")) {
       descriptor->level = AttrAsUint32(input, "level");
     }
+    // subIFD (OME-TIFF)
+    if (HasAttr(input, "subifd")) {
+      descriptor->subifd = AttrAsInt32(input, "subifd");
+    }
     // Create new image
     if (HasAttr(input, "createChannels")) {
       descriptor->createChannels = AttrAsUint32(input, "createChannels");
@@ -228,6 +239,7 @@ namespace sharp {
     { "VipsForeignLoadFits", ImageType::FITS },
     { "VipsForeignLoadOpenexr", ImageType::EXR },
     { "VipsForeignLoadVips", ImageType::VIPS },
+    { "VipsForeignLoadVipsFile", ImageType::VIPS },
     { "VipsForeignLoadRaw", ImageType::RAW }
   };
 
@@ -288,12 +300,15 @@ namespace sharp {
       if (descriptor->rawChannels > 0) {
         // Raw, uncompressed pixel data
         image = VImage::new_from_memory(descriptor->buffer, descriptor->bufferLength,
-          descriptor->rawWidth, descriptor->rawHeight, descriptor->rawChannels, VIPS_FORMAT_UCHAR);
+          descriptor->rawWidth, descriptor->rawHeight, descriptor->rawChannels, descriptor->rawDepth);
         if (descriptor->rawChannels < 3) {
           image.get_image()->Type = VIPS_INTERPRETATION_B_W;
         } else {
           image.get_image()->Type = VIPS_INTERPRETATION_sRGB;
         }
+        if (descriptor->rawPremultiplied) {
+          image = image.unpremultiply();
+        }
         imageType = ImageType::RAW;
       } else {
         // Compressed data
@@ -319,6 +334,9 @@ namespace sharp {
             if (imageType == ImageType::OPENSLIDE) {
               option->set("level", descriptor->level);
             }
+            if (imageType == ImageType::TIFF) {
+              option->set("subifd", descriptor->subifd);
+            }
             image = VImage::new_from_buffer(descriptor->buffer, descriptor->bufferLength, nullptr, option);
             if (imageType == ImageType::SVG || imageType == ImageType::PDF || imageType == ImageType::MAGICK) {
               image = SetDensity(image, descriptor->density);
@@ -391,6 +409,9 @@ namespace sharp {
             if (imageType == ImageType::OPENSLIDE) {
               option->set("level", descriptor->level);
             }
+            if (imageType == ImageType::TIFF) {
+              option->set("subifd", descriptor->subifd);
+            }
             image = VImage::new_from_file(descriptor->file.data(), option);
             if (imageType == ImageType::SVG || imageType == ImageType::PDF || imageType == ImageType::MAGICK) {
               image = SetDensity(image, descriptor->density);
@@ -507,9 +528,8 @@ namespace sharp {
   VImage SetDensity(VImage image, const double density) {
     const double pixelsPerMm = density / 25.4;
     VImage copy = image.copy();
-    copy.set("Xres", pixelsPerMm);
+    copy.get_image()->Xres = pixelsPerMm;
-    copy.set("Yres", pixelsPerMm);
+    copy.get_image()->Yres = pixelsPerMm;
-    copy.set(VIPS_META_RESOLUTION_UNIT, "in");
     return copy;
   }
 
@@ -799,10 +819,10 @@ namespace sharp {
   /*
     Ensures alpha channel, if missing.
   */
-  VImage EnsureAlpha(VImage image) {
+  VImage EnsureAlpha(VImage image, double const value) {
     if (!HasAlpha(image)) {
       std::vector<double> alpha;
-      alpha.push_back(sharp::MaximumImageAlpha(image.interpretation()));
+      alpha.push_back(value * sharp::MaximumImageAlpha(image.interpretation()));
       image = image.bandjoin_const(alpha);
     }
     return image;

src/common.h

@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@
 // Verify platform and compiler compatibility
 
 #if (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION < 8) || \
-  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION < 10) || \
+  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION < 11) || \
-  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION == 10 && VIPS_MICRO_VERSION < 6)
+  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION == 11 && VIPS_MICRO_VERSION < 3)
-#error "libvips version 8.10.6+ is required - please see https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install"
+#error "libvips version 8.11.3+ is required - please see https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install"
 #endif
 
 #if ((!defined(__clang__)) && defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ < 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 6)))
@@ -54,12 +54,15 @@ namespace sharp {
     size_t bufferLength;
     bool isBuffer;
     double density;
+    VipsBandFormat rawDepth;
     int rawChannels;
     int rawWidth;
     int rawHeight;
+    bool rawPremultiplied;
     int pages;
     int page;
     int level;
+    int subifd;
     int createChannels;
     int createWidth;
     int createHeight;
@@ -76,12 +79,15 @@ namespace sharp {
       bufferLength(0),
       isBuffer(FALSE),
       density(72.0),
+      rawDepth(VIPS_FORMAT_UCHAR),
       rawChannels(0),
       rawWidth(0),
       rawHeight(0),
+      rawPremultiplied(false),
       pages(1),
       page(0),
       level(0),
+      subifd(-1),
       createChannels(0),
       createWidth(0),
       createHeight(0),
@@ -93,6 +99,7 @@ namespace sharp {
   // Convenience methods to access the attributes of a Napi::Object
   bool HasAttr(Napi::Object obj, std::string attr);
   std::string AttrAsStr(Napi::Object obj, std::string attr);
+  std::string AttrAsStr(Napi::Object obj, unsigned int const attr);
   uint32_t AttrAsUint32(Napi::Object obj, std::string attr);
   int32_t AttrAsInt32(Napi::Object obj, std::string attr);
   int32_t AttrAsInt32(Napi::Object obj, unsigned int const attr);
@@ -296,7 +303,7 @@ namespace sharp {
   /*
     Ensures alpha channel, if missing.
   */
-  VImage EnsureAlpha(VImage image);
+  VImage EnsureAlpha(VImage image, double const value);
 
 }  // namespace sharp
 

src/libvips/cplusplus/VConnection.cpp

@@ -110,19 +110,6 @@ VSource::new_from_options( const char *options )
 	return( out ); 
 }
 
-VOption *
-VOption::set( const char *name, const VSource value )
-{
-	Pair *pair = new Pair( name );
-
-	pair->input = true;
-	g_value_init( &pair->value, VIPS_TYPE_SOURCE );
-	g_value_set_object( &pair->value, value.get_source() );
-	options.push_back( pair );
-
-	return( this );
-}
-
 VTarget 
 VTarget::new_to_descriptor( int descriptor )
 {
@@ -162,17 +149,4 @@ VTarget::new_to_memory()
 	return( out ); 
 }
 
-VOption *
-VOption::set( const char *name, const VTarget value )
-{
-	Pair *pair = new Pair( name );
-
-	pair->input = true;
-	g_value_init( &pair->value, VIPS_TYPE_TARGET );
-	g_value_set_object( &pair->value, value.get_target() );
-	options.push_back( pair );
-
-	return( this );
-}
-
 VIPS_NAMESPACE_END

src/libvips/cplusplus/VImage.cpp

@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@
 
 VIPS_NAMESPACE_START
 
+/**
+ * \namespace vips
+ *
+ * General docs for the vips namespace.
+ */
+
 std::vector<double>
 to_vectorv( int n, ... )
 {
@@ -140,6 +146,20 @@ VOption::set( const char *name, int value )
 	return( this );
 }
 
+// input guint64
+VOption *
+VOption::set( const char *name, guint64 value )
+{
+	Pair *pair = new Pair( name );
+
+	pair->input = true;
+	g_value_init( &pair->value, G_TYPE_UINT64 );
+	g_value_set_uint64( &pair->value, value );
+	options.push_back( pair );
+
+	return( this );
+}
+
 // input double
 VOption *
 VOption::set( const char *name, double value )
@@ -167,39 +187,17 @@ VOption::set( const char *name, const char *value )
 	return( this );
 }
 
-// input image
+// input vips object (image, source, target, etc. etc.)
 VOption *
-VOption::set( const char *name, const VImage value )
+VOption::set( const char *name, const VObject value )
 {
 	Pair *pair = new Pair( name );
+	VipsObject *object = value.get_object();
+	GType type = G_OBJECT_TYPE( object );
 
 	pair->input = true;
-	g_value_init( &pair->value, VIPS_TYPE_IMAGE );
+	g_value_init( &pair->value, type );
-	g_value_set_object( &pair->value, value.get_image() );
+	g_value_set_object( &pair->value, object );
-	options.push_back( pair );
-
-	return( this );
-}
-
-// input double array
-VOption *
-VOption::set( const char *name, std::vector<double> value )
-{
-	Pair *pair = new Pair( name );
-
-	double *array;
-	unsigned int i;
-
-	pair->input = true;
-
-	g_value_init( &pair->value, VIPS_TYPE_ARRAY_DOUBLE );
-	vips_value_set_array_double( &pair->value, NULL,
-		static_cast< int >( value.size() ) );
-	array = vips_value_get_array_double( &pair->value, NULL );
-
-	for( i = 0; i < value.size(); i++ ) 
-		array[i] = value[i];
-
 	options.push_back( pair );
 
 	return( this );
@@ -229,6 +227,30 @@ VOption::set( const char *name, std::vector<int> value )
 	return( this );
 }
 
+// input double array
+VOption *
+VOption::set( const char *name, std::vector<double> value )
+{
+	Pair *pair = new Pair( name );
+
+	double *array;
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	pair->input = true;
+
+	g_value_init( &pair->value, VIPS_TYPE_ARRAY_DOUBLE );
+	vips_value_set_array_double( &pair->value, NULL,
+		static_cast< int >( value.size() ) );
+	array = vips_value_get_array_double( &pair->value, NULL );
+
+	for( i = 0; i < value.size(); i++ ) 
+		array[i] = value[i];
+
+	options.push_back( pair );
+
+	return( this );
+}
+
 // input image array
 VOption *
 VOption::set( const char *name, std::vector<VImage> value )
@@ -619,6 +641,22 @@ VImage::new_from_source( VSource source, const char *option_string,
 	return( out );
 }
 
+VImage 
+VImage::new_from_memory_steal( void *data, size_t size,
+	int width, int height, int bands, VipsBandFormat format )
+{
+	VipsImage *image;
+
+	if( !(image = vips_image_new_from_memory( data, size, 
+		width, height, bands, format )) )
+		throw( VError() );
+
+	g_signal_connect( image, "postclose",
+		G_CALLBACK( vips_image_free_buffer ), data);
+
+	return( VImage( image ) ); 
+}
+
 VImage
 VImage::new_matrix( int width, int height )
 {

src/libvips/cplusplus/VInterpolate.cpp

@@ -60,17 +60,4 @@ VInterpolate::new_from_name( const char *name, VOption *options )
 	return( out ); 
 }
 
-VOption *
-VOption::set( const char *name, const VInterpolate value )
-{
-	Pair *pair = new Pair( name );
-
-	pair->input = true;
-	g_value_init( &pair->value, VIPS_TYPE_INTERPOLATE );
-	g_value_set_object( &pair->value, value.get_interpolate() );
-	options.push_back( pair );
-
-	return( this );
-}
-
 VIPS_NAMESPACE_END

src/libvips/cplusplus/vips-operators.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // bodies for vips operations
-// Sun  5 Jul 22:36:37 BST 2020
+// Wed May 12 11:30:00 AM CEST 2021
 // this file is generated automatically, do not edit!
 
 VImage VImage::CMC2LCh( VOption *options ) const
@@ -1065,6 +1065,18 @@ VImage VImage::fitsload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
     return( out );
 }
 
+VImage VImage::fitsload_source( VSource source, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "fitsload_source",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "source", source ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
 void VImage::fitssave( const char *filename, VOption *options ) const
 {
     call( "fitssave",
@@ -1656,6 +1668,70 @@ VImage VImage::join( VImage in2, VipsDirection direction, VOption *options ) con
     return( out );
 }
 
+VImage VImage::jp2kload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "jp2kload",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "filename", filename ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
+VImage VImage::jp2kload_buffer( VipsBlob *buffer, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "jp2kload_buffer",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "buffer", buffer ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
+VImage VImage::jp2kload_source( VSource source, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "jp2kload_source",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "source", source ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
+void VImage::jp2ksave( const char *filename, VOption *options ) const
+{
+    call( "jp2ksave",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "in", *this )->
+            set( "filename", filename ) );
+}
+
+VipsBlob *VImage::jp2ksave_buffer( VOption *options ) const
+{
+    VipsBlob *buffer;
+
+    call( "jp2ksave_buffer",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "in", *this )->
+            set( "buffer", &buffer ) );
+
+    return( buffer );
+}
+
+void VImage::jp2ksave_target( VTarget target, VOption *options ) const
+{
+    call( "jp2ksave_target",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "in", *this )->
+            set( "target", target ) );
+}
+
 VImage VImage::jpegload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
 {
     VImage out;
@@ -1727,6 +1803,70 @@ void VImage::jpegsave_target( VTarget target, VOption *options ) const
             set( "target", target ) );
 }
 
+VImage VImage::jxlload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "jxlload",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "filename", filename ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
+VImage VImage::jxlload_buffer( VipsBlob *buffer, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "jxlload_buffer",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "buffer", buffer ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
+VImage VImage::jxlload_source( VSource source, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "jxlload_source",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "source", source ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
+void VImage::jxlsave( const char *filename, VOption *options ) const
+{
+    call( "jxlsave",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "in", *this )->
+            set( "filename", filename ) );
+}
+
+VipsBlob *VImage::jxlsave_buffer( VOption *options ) const
+{
+    VipsBlob *buffer;
+
+    call( "jxlsave_buffer",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "in", *this )->
+            set( "buffer", &buffer ) );
+
+    return( buffer );
+}
+
+void VImage::jxlsave_target( VTarget target, VOption *options ) const
+{
+    call( "jxlsave_target",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "in", *this )->
+            set( "target", target ) );
+}
+
 VImage VImage::labelregions( VOption *options ) const
 {
     VImage mask;
@@ -2284,6 +2424,18 @@ VImage VImage::niftiload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
     return( out );
 }
 
+VImage VImage::niftiload_source( VSource source, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "niftiload_source",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "source", source ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
 void VImage::niftisave( const char *filename, VOption *options ) const
 {
     call( "niftisave",
@@ -2316,6 +2468,18 @@ VImage VImage::openslideload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
     return( out );
 }
 
+VImage VImage::openslideload_source( VSource source, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "openslideload_source",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "source", source ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
 VImage VImage::pdfload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
 {
     VImage out;
@@ -3388,6 +3552,18 @@ VImage VImage::vipsload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
     return( out );
 }
 
+VImage VImage::vipsload_source( VSource source, VOption *options )
+{
+    VImage out;
+
+    call( "vipsload_source",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "out", &out )->
+            set( "source", source ) );
+
+    return( out );
+}
+
 void VImage::vipssave( const char *filename, VOption *options ) const
 {
     call( "vipssave",
@@ -3396,6 +3572,14 @@ void VImage::vipssave( const char *filename, VOption *options ) const
             set( "filename", filename ) );
 }
 
+void VImage::vipssave_target( VTarget target, VOption *options ) const
+{
+    call( "vipssave_target",
+        (options ? options : VImage::option())->
+            set( "in", *this )->
+            set( "target", target ) );
+}
+
 VImage VImage::webpload( const char *filename, VOption *options )
 {
     VImage out;

src/metadata.cc

@@ -86,7 +86,13 @@ class MetadataWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
           baton->levels.push_back(std::pair<int, int>(width, height));
         }
       }
+      if (image.get_typeof(VIPS_META_N_SUBIFDS) == G_TYPE_INT) {
+        baton->subifds = image.get_int(VIPS_META_N_SUBIFDS);
+      }
       baton->hasProfile = sharp::HasProfile(image);
+      if (image.get_typeof("background") == VIPS_TYPE_ARRAY_DOUBLE) {
+        baton->background = image.get_array_double("background");
+      }
       // Derived attributes
       baton->hasAlpha = sharp::HasAlpha(image);
       baton->orientation = sharp::ExifOrientation(image);
@@ -203,6 +209,20 @@ class MetadataWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
         }
         info.Set("levels", levels);
       }
+      if (baton->subifds > 0) {
+        info.Set("subifds", baton->subifds);
+      }
+      if (!baton->background.empty()) {
+        if (baton->background.size() == 3) {
+          Napi::Object background = Napi::Object::New(env);
+          background.Set("r", baton->background[0]);
+          background.Set("g", baton->background[1]);
+          background.Set("b", baton->background[2]);
+          info.Set("background", background);
+        } else {
+          info.Set("background", baton->background[0]);
+        }
+      }
       info.Set("hasProfile", baton->hasProfile);
       info.Set("hasAlpha", baton->hasAlpha);
       if (baton->orientation > 0) {

src/metadata.h

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ struct MetadataBaton {
   int pagePrimary;
   std::string compression;
   std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> levels;
+  int subifds;
+  std::vector<double> background;
   bool hasProfile;
   bool hasAlpha;
   int orientation;
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ struct MetadataBaton {
     pageHeight(0),
     loop(-1),
     pagePrimary(-1),
+    subifds(0),
     hasProfile(false),
     hasAlpha(false),
     orientation(0),

src/operations.cc

@@ -92,6 +92,13 @@ namespace sharp {
     return image;
   }
 
+  /*
+   * Contrast limiting adapative histogram equalization (CLAHE)
+   */
+  VImage Clahe(VImage image, int const width, int const height, int const maxSlope) {
+    return image.hist_local(width, height, VImage::option()->set("max_slope", maxSlope));
+  }
+
   /*
    * Gamma encoding/decoding
    */
@@ -105,6 +112,19 @@ namespace sharp {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Produce the "negative" of the image.
+   */
+  VImage Negate(VImage image, bool const negateAlpha) {
+    if (HasAlpha(image) && !negateAlpha) {
+      // Separate alpha channel
+      VImage alpha = image[image.bands() - 1];
+      return RemoveAlpha(image).invert().bandjoin(alpha);
+    } else {
+      return image.invert();
+    }
+  }
+
   /*
    * Gaussian blur. Use sigma of -1.0 for fast blur.
    */
@@ -275,4 +295,16 @@ namespace sharp {
       return image.linear(a, b);
     }
   }
+
+  /*
+   * Ensure the image is in a given colourspace
+   */
+  VImage EnsureColourspace(VImage image, VipsInterpretation colourspace) {
+    if (colourspace != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST && image.interpretation() != colourspace) {
+      image = image.colourspace(colourspace,
+        VImage::option()->set("source_space", image.interpretation()));
+    }
+    return image;
+  }
+
 }  // namespace sharp

src/operations.h

@@ -35,11 +35,21 @@ namespace sharp {
    */
   VImage Normalise(VImage image);
 
+  /*
+   * Contrast limiting adapative histogram equalization (CLAHE)
+   */
+  VImage Clahe(VImage image, int const width, int const height, int const maxSlope);
+
   /*
    * Gamma encoding/decoding
    */
   VImage Gamma(VImage image, double const exponent);
 
+  /*
+   * Produce the "negative" of the image.
+   */
+  VImage Negate(VImage image, bool const negateAlpha);
+
   /*
    * Gaussian blur. Use sigma of -1.0 for fast blur.
    */
@@ -92,6 +102,11 @@ namespace sharp {
    */
   VImage Modulate(VImage image, double const brightness, double const saturation, int const hue);
 
+  /*
+   * Ensure the image is in a given colourspace
+   */
+  VImage EnsureColourspace(VImage image, VipsInterpretation colourspace);
+
 }  // namespace sharp
 
 #endif  // SRC_OPERATIONS_H_

src/pipeline.cc

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
       vips::VImage image;
       sharp::ImageType inputImageType;
       std::tie(image, inputImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(baton->input);
+      image = sharp::EnsureColourspace(image, baton->colourspaceInput);
 
       // Calculate angle of rotation
       VipsAngle rotation;
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
       double yresidual = static_cast<double>(yshrink) / yfactor;
 
       // If integral x and y shrink are equal, try to use shrink-on-load for JPEG and WebP,
-      // but not when applying gamma correction, pre-resize extract or trim
+      // but not when applying gamma correction, pre-resize extract, trim or input colourspace
       int shrink_on_load = 1;
 
       int shrink_on_load_factor = 1;
@@ -226,7 +227,9 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
       if (
         xshrink == yshrink && xshrink >= 2 * shrink_on_load_factor &&
         (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::JPEG || inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::WEBP) &&
-        baton->gamma == 0 && baton->topOffsetPre == -1 && baton->trimThreshold == 0.0
+        baton->gamma == 0 && baton->topOffsetPre == -1 && baton->trimThreshold == 0.0 &&
+        baton->colourspaceInput == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST &&
+        image.width() > 3 && image.height() > 3 && baton->input->pages == 1
       ) {
         if (xshrink >= 8 * shrink_on_load_factor) {
           xfactor = xfactor / 8;
@@ -324,7 +327,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
 
       // Negate the colours in the image
       if (baton->negate) {
-        image = image.invert();
+        image = sharp::Negate(image, baton->negateAlpha);
       }
 
       // Gamma encoding (darken)
@@ -344,9 +347,10 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
       bool const shouldApplyMedian = baton->medianSize > 0;
       bool const shouldComposite = !baton->composite.empty();
       bool const shouldModulate = baton->brightness != 1.0 || baton->saturation != 1.0 || baton->hue != 0.0;
+      bool const shouldApplyClahe = baton->claheWidth != 0 && baton->claheHeight != 0;
 
       if (shouldComposite && !sharp::HasAlpha(image)) {
-        image = sharp::EnsureAlpha(image);
+        image = sharp::EnsureAlpha(image, 1);
       }
 
       bool const shouldPremultiplyAlpha = sharp::HasAlpha(image) &&
@@ -409,6 +413,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
 
         for (unsigned int i = 0; i < baton->joinChannelIn.size(); i++) {
           std::tie(joinImage, joinImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(baton->joinChannelIn[i]);
+          joinImage = sharp::EnsureColourspace(joinImage, baton->colourspaceInput);
           image = image.bandjoin(joinImage);
         }
         image = image.copy(VImage::option()->set("interpretation", baton->colourspace));
@@ -550,7 +555,8 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
         for (Composite *composite : baton->composite) {
           VImage compositeImage;
           sharp::ImageType compositeImageType = sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN;
-          std::tie(compositeImage, compositeImageType) = OpenInput(composite->input);
+          std::tie(compositeImage, compositeImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(composite->input);
+          compositeImage = sharp::EnsureColourspace(compositeImage, baton->colourspaceInput);
           // Verify within current dimensions
           if (compositeImage.width() > image.width() || compositeImage.height() > image.height()) {
             throw vips::VError("Image to composite must have same dimensions or smaller");
@@ -594,7 +600,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
           // Ensure image to composite is sRGB with premultiplied alpha
           compositeImage = compositeImage.colourspace(VIPS_INTERPRETATION_sRGB);
           if (!sharp::HasAlpha(compositeImage)) {
-            compositeImage = sharp::EnsureAlpha(compositeImage);
+            compositeImage = sharp::EnsureAlpha(compositeImage, 1);
           }
           if (!composite->premultiplied) compositeImage = compositeImage.premultiply();
           // Calculate position
@@ -649,11 +655,17 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
         image = sharp::Normalise(image);
       }
 
+      // Apply contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE)
+      if (shouldApplyClahe) {
+        image = sharp::Clahe(image, baton->claheWidth, baton->claheHeight, baton->claheMaxSlope);
+      }
+
       // Apply bitwise boolean operation between images
       if (baton->boolean != nullptr) {
         VImage booleanImage;
         sharp::ImageType booleanImageType = sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN;
         std::tie(booleanImage, booleanImageType) = sharp::OpenInput(baton->boolean);
+        booleanImage = sharp::EnsureColourspace(booleanImage, baton->colourspaceInput);
         image = sharp::Boolean(image, booleanImage, baton->booleanOp);
       }
 
@@ -691,8 +703,8 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
       }
 
       // Ensure alpha channel, if missing
-      if (baton->ensureAlpha) {
+      if (baton->ensureAlpha != -1) {
-        image = sharp::EnsureAlpha(image);
+        image = sharp::EnsureAlpha(image, baton->ensureAlpha);
       }
 
       // Convert image to sRGB, if not already
@@ -717,11 +729,21 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
             ->set("input_profile", "srgb")
             ->set("intent", VIPS_INTENT_PERCEPTUAL));
       }
-
       // Override EXIF Orientation tag
       if (baton->withMetadata && baton->withMetadataOrientation != -1) {
         image = sharp::SetExifOrientation(image, baton->withMetadataOrientation);
       }
+      // Override pixel density
+      if (baton->withMetadataDensity > 0) {
+        image = sharp::SetDensity(image, baton->withMetadataDensity);
+      }
+      // Metadata key/value pairs, e.g. EXIF
+      if (!baton->withMetadataStrs.empty()) {
+        image = image.copy();
+        for (const auto& s : baton->withMetadataStrs) {
+          image.set(s.first.data(), s.second.data());
+        }
+      }
 
       // Number of channels used in output image
       baton->channels = image.bands();
@@ -748,8 +770,8 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
             ->set("Q", baton->jpegQuality)
             ->set("interlace", baton->jpegProgressive)
             ->set("subsample_mode", baton->jpegChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
-              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_JPEG_SUBSAMPLE_OFF
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF
-              : VIPS_FOREIGN_JPEG_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+              : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
             ->set("trellis_quant", baton->jpegTrellisQuantisation)
             ->set("quant_table", baton->jpegQuantisationTable)
             ->set("overshoot_deringing", baton->jpegOvershootDeringing)
@@ -848,13 +870,11 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
           // Write HEIF to buffer
           VipsArea *area = reinterpret_cast<VipsArea*>(image.heifsave_buffer(VImage::option()
             ->set("strip", !baton->withMetadata)
-            ->set("compression", baton->heifCompression)
             ->set("Q", baton->heifQuality)
+            ->set("compression", baton->heifCompression)
             ->set("speed", baton->heifSpeed)
-#if defined(VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE)
             ->set("subsample_mode", baton->heifChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
               ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
-#endif
             ->set("lossless", baton->heifLossless)));
           baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
           baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
@@ -869,9 +889,9 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
             image = image[0];
             baton->channels = 1;
           }
-          if (image.format() != VIPS_FORMAT_UCHAR) {
+          if (image.format() != baton->rawDepth) {
-            // Cast pixels to uint8 (unsigned char)
+            // Cast pixels to requested format
-            image = image.cast(VIPS_FORMAT_UCHAR);
+            image = image.cast(baton->rawDepth);
           }
           // Get raw image data
           baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(image.write_to_memory(&baton->bufferOutLength));
@@ -914,8 +934,8 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
             ->set("Q", baton->jpegQuality)
             ->set("interlace", baton->jpegProgressive)
             ->set("subsample_mode", baton->jpegChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
-              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_JPEG_SUBSAMPLE_OFF
+              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF
-              : VIPS_FOREIGN_JPEG_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
+              : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
             ->set("trellis_quant", baton->jpegTrellisQuantisation)
             ->set("quant_table", baton->jpegQuantisationTable)
             ->set("overshoot_deringing", baton->jpegOvershootDeringing)
@@ -993,10 +1013,8 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
             ->set("Q", baton->heifQuality)
             ->set("compression", baton->heifCompression)
             ->set("speed", baton->heifSpeed)
-#if defined(VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE)
             ->set("subsample_mode", baton->heifChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
               ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
-#endif
             ->set("lossless", baton->heifLossless));
           baton->formatOut = "heif";
         } else if (baton->formatOut == "dz" || isDz || isDzZip) {
@@ -1113,6 +1131,9 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
       info.Set("width", static_cast<uint32_t>(width));
       info.Set("height", static_cast<uint32_t>(height));
       info.Set("channels", static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->channels));
+      if (baton->formatOut == "raw") {
+        info.Set("depth", vips_enum_nick(VIPS_TYPE_BAND_FORMAT, baton->rawDepth));
+      }
       info.Set("premultiplied", baton->premultiplied);
       if (baton->hasCropOffset) {
         info.Set("cropOffsetLeft", static_cast<int32_t>(baton->cropOffsetLeft));
@@ -1302,6 +1323,7 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
   baton->flatten = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "flatten");
   baton->flattenBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "flattenBackground");
   baton->negate = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "negate");
+  baton->negateAlpha = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "negateAlpha");
   baton->blurSigma = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "blurSigma");
   baton->brightness = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "brightness");
   baton->saturation = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "saturation");
@@ -1319,6 +1341,9 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
   baton->linearB = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "linearB");
   baton->greyscale = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "greyscale");
   baton->normalise = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "normalise");
+  baton->claheWidth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "claheWidth");
+  baton->claheHeight = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "claheHeight");
+  baton->claheMaxSlope = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "claheMaxSlope");
   baton->useExifOrientation = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "useExifOrientation");
   baton->angle = sharp::AttrAsInt32(options, "angle");
   baton->rotationAngle = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "rotationAngle");
@@ -1341,7 +1366,7 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
   baton->affineInterpolator = vips::VInterpolate::new_from_name(sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "affineInterpolator").data());
 
   baton->removeAlpha = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "removeAlpha");
-  baton->ensureAlpha = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "ensureAlpha");
+  baton->ensureAlpha = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "ensureAlpha");
   if (options.Has("boolean")) {
     baton->boolean = sharp::CreateInputDescriptor(options.Get("boolean").As<Napi::Object>());
     baton->booleanOp = sharp::GetBooleanOperation(sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "booleanOp"));
@@ -1369,6 +1394,10 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
        baton->recombMatrix[i] = sharp::AttrAsDouble(recombMatrix, i);
     }
   }
+  baton->colourspaceInput = sharp::GetInterpretation(sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "colourspaceInput"));
+  if (baton->colourspaceInput == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_ERROR) {
+    baton->colourspaceInput = VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST;
+  }
   baton->colourspace = sharp::GetInterpretation(sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "colourspace"));
   if (baton->colourspace == VIPS_INTERPRETATION_ERROR) {
     baton->colourspace = VIPS_INTERPRETATION_sRGB;
@@ -1378,7 +1407,14 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
   baton->fileOut = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "fileOut");
   baton->withMetadata = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "withMetadata");
   baton->withMetadataOrientation = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "withMetadataOrientation");
+  baton->withMetadataDensity = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "withMetadataDensity");
   baton->withMetadataIcc = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "withMetadataIcc");
+  Napi::Object mdStrs = options.Get("withMetadataStrs").As<Napi::Object>();
+  Napi::Array mdStrKeys = mdStrs.GetPropertyNames();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < mdStrKeys.Length(); i++) {
+    std::string k = sharp::AttrAsStr(mdStrKeys, i);
+    baton->withMetadataStrs.insert(std::make_pair(k, sharp::AttrAsStr(mdStrs, k)));
+  }
   // Format-specific
   baton->jpegQuality = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jpegQuality");
   baton->jpegProgressive = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "jpegProgressive");
@@ -1424,6 +1460,11 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
   baton->heifSpeed = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "heifSpeed");
   baton->heifChromaSubsampling = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "heifChromaSubsampling");
 
+  // Raw output
+  baton->rawDepth = static_cast<VipsBandFormat>(
+    vips_enum_from_nick(nullptr, VIPS_TYPE_BAND_FORMAT,
+    sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "rawDepth").data()));
+
   // Animated output
   if (sharp::HasAttr(options, "pageHeight")) {
     baton->pageHeight = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "pageHeight");

src/pipeline.h

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+#include <unordered_map>
 
 #include <napi.h>
 #include <vips/vips8>
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
   bool flatten;
   std::vector<double> flattenBackground;
   bool negate;
+  bool negateAlpha;
   double blurSigma;
   double brightness;
   double saturation;
@@ -108,6 +110,9 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
   double gammaOut;
   bool greyscale;
   bool normalise;
+  int claheWidth;
+  int claheHeight;
+  int claheMaxSlope;
   bool useExifOrientation;
   int angle;
   double rotationAngle;
@@ -164,10 +169,13 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
   int heifSpeed;
   std::string heifChromaSubsampling;
   bool heifLossless;
+  VipsBandFormat rawDepth;
   std::string err;
   bool withMetadata;
   int withMetadataOrientation;
+  double withMetadataDensity;
   std::string withMetadataIcc;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> withMetadataStrs;
   std::unique_ptr<double[]> convKernel;
   int convKernelWidth;
   int convKernelHeight;
@@ -178,7 +186,8 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
   VipsOperationBoolean bandBoolOp;
   int extractChannel;
   bool removeAlpha;
-  bool ensureAlpha;
+  double ensureAlpha;
+  VipsInterpretation colourspaceInput;
   VipsInterpretation colourspace;
   int pageHeight;
   std::vector<int> delay;
@@ -213,6 +222,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
     flatten(false),
     flattenBackground{ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 },
     negate(false),
+    negateAlpha(true),
     blurSigma(0.0),
     brightness(1.0),
     saturation(1.0),
@@ -231,6 +241,9 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
     gamma(0.0),
     greyscale(false),
     normalise(false),
+    claheWidth(0),
+    claheHeight(0),
+    claheMaxSlope(3),
     useExifOrientation(false),
     angle(0),
     rotationAngle(0.0),
@@ -284,10 +297,12 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
     heifQuality(50),
     heifCompression(VIPS_FOREIGN_HEIF_COMPRESSION_AV1),
     heifSpeed(5),
-    heifChromaSubsampling("4:2:0"),
+    heifChromaSubsampling("4:4:4"),
     heifLossless(false),
+    rawDepth(VIPS_FORMAT_UCHAR),
     withMetadata(false),
     withMetadataOrientation(-1),
+    withMetadataDensity(0.0),
     convKernelWidth(0),
     convKernelHeight(0),
     convKernelScale(0.0),
@@ -297,7 +312,8 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
     bandBoolOp(VIPS_OPERATION_BOOLEAN_LAST),
     extractChannel(-1),
     removeAlpha(false),
-    ensureAlpha(false),
+    ensureAlpha(-1.0),
+    colourspaceInput(VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST),
     colourspace(VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LAST),
     pageHeight(0),
     delay{-1},

test/bench/package.json

@@ -8,16 +8,18 @@
     "test": "node perf && node random && node parallel"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "async": "3.2.0",
+    "@squoosh/cli": "0.7.2",
+    "@squoosh/lib": "0.4.0",
+    "async": "3.2.1",
     "benchmark": "2.1.4",
     "gm": "1.23.1",
     "imagemagick": "0.1.3",
     "jimp": "0.16.1",
-    "mapnik": "4.5.6",
+    "mapnik": "4.5.8",
-    "semver": "7.3.4"
+    "semver": "7.3.5"
   },
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "engines": {
-    "node": "14"
+    "node": "16"
   }
 }

test/bench/perf.js

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 const os = require('os');
 const fs = require('fs');
+const { exec } = require('child_process');
 
 const async = require('async');
 const assert = require('assert');
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ const gm = require('gm');
 const imagemagick = require('imagemagick');
 const mapnik = require('mapnik');
 const jimp = require('jimp');
+const squoosh = require('@squoosh/lib');
 
 const fixtures = require('../fixtures');
 
@@ -75,6 +77,65 @@ async.series({
         });
       }
     });
+    // squoosh-cli
+    jpegSuite.add('squoosh-cli-file-file', {
+      defer: true,
+      fn: function (deferred) {
+        exec(`./node_modules/.bin/squoosh-cli \
+          --output-dir ${os.tmpdir()} \
+          --resize '{"enabled":true,"width":${width},"height":${height},"method":"lanczos3","premultiply":false,"linearRGB":false}' \
+          --mozjpeg '{"quality":80,"progressive":false,"optimize_coding":true,"quant_table":0,"trellis_multipass":false,"chroma_subsample":2,"separate_chroma_quality":false}' \
+          "${fixtures.inputJpg}"`, function (err) {
+          if (err) {
+            throw err;
+          }
+          deferred.resolve();
+        });
+      }
+    });
+    // squoosh-lib (GPLv3)
+    jpegSuite.add('squoosh-lib-buffer-buffer', {
+      defer: true,
+      fn: function (deferred) {
+        const pool = new squoosh.ImagePool();
+        const image = pool.ingestImage(inputJpgBuffer);
+        image.decoded
+          .then(function () {
+            return image.preprocess({
+              resize: {
+                enabled: true,
+                width,
+                height,
+                method: 'lanczos3',
+                premultiply: false,
+                linearRGB: false
+              }
+            });
+          })
+          .then(function () {
+            return image.encode({
+              mozjpeg: {
+                quality: 80,
+                progressive: false,
+                optimize_coding: true,
+                quant_table: 0,
+                trellis_multipass: false,
+                chroma_subsample: 2,
+                separate_chroma_quality: false
+              }
+            });
+          })
+          .then(function () {
+            return pool.close();
+          })
+          .then(function () {
+            return image.encodedWith.mozjpeg;
+          })
+          .then(function () {
+            deferred.resolve();
+          });
+      }
+    });
     // mapnik
     jpegSuite.add('mapnik-file-file', {
       defer: true,

test/fixtures/index.js

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 const path = require('path');
 const sharp = require('../../');
-const maxColourDistance = require('../../build/Release/sharp')._maxColourDistance;
+const maxColourDistance = require('../../lib/sharp')._maxColourDistance;
 
 // Helpers
 const getPath = function (filename) {
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ module.exports = {
   inputJpgLossless: getPath('testimgl.jpg'), // Lossless JPEG from ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/unix/X11/graphics/ImageMagick/delegates/ljpeg-6b.tar.gz
 
   inputPng: getPath('50020484-00001.png'), // http://c.searspartsdirect.com/lis_png/PLDM/50020484-00001.png
+  inputPngGradients: getPath('gradients-rgb8.png'),
   inputPngWithTransparency: getPath('blackbug.png'), // public domain
   inputPngCompleteTransparency: getPath('full-transparent.png'),
   inputPngWithGreyAlpha: getPath('grey-8bit-alpha.png'),
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ module.exports = {
   inputPngEmbed: getPath('embedgravitybird.png'), // Released to sharp under a CC BY 4.0
   inputPngRGBWithAlpha: getPath('2569067123_aca715a2ee_o.png'), // http://www.flickr.com/photos/grizdave/2569067123/ (same as inputJpg)
   inputPngImageInAlpha: getPath('image-in-alpha.png'), // https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/1597
+  inputPngSolidAlpha: getPath('with-alpha.png'), // https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/1599
 
   inputWebP: getPath('4.webp'), // http://www.gstatic.com/webp/gallery/4.webp
   inputWebPWithTransparency: getPath('5_webp_a.webp'), // http://www.gstatic.com/webp/gallery3/5_webp_a.webp
@@ -120,6 +122,8 @@ module.exports = {
 
   inputV: getPath('vfile.v'),
 
+  inputJpgClahe: getPath('concert.jpg'), // public domain - https://www.flickr.com/photos/mars_/14389236779/
+
   testPattern: getPath('test-pattern.png'),
 
   // Path for tests requiring human inspection

test/leak/sharp.supp

@@ -444,6 +444,22 @@
   ...
   fun:vips__init
 }
+{
+  leak_libvips_thread_pool_new
+  Memcheck:Leak
+  match-leak-kinds: possible
+  fun:calloc
+  ...
+  fun:g_system_thread_new
+}
+{
+  leak_libvips_thread_pool_push
+  Memcheck:Leak
+  match-leak-kinds: possible
+  fun:calloc
+  ...
+  fun:g_thread_pool_push
+}
 {
   leak_rsvg_static_data
   Memcheck:Leak
@@ -480,6 +496,14 @@
   ...
   fun:rsvg_handle_new_from_gfile_sync
 }
+{
+  leak_rsvg_rust_280_bytes_static_regex
+  Memcheck:Leak
+  match-leak-kinds: possible
+  fun:malloc
+  ...
+  fun:rsvg_handle_get_dimensions_sub
+}
 
 # libuv warnings
 {
@@ -871,3 +895,12 @@
   ...
   fun:_ZN2v88internal18ArrayBufferSweeper10ReleaseAllEv
 }
+{
+  addr_v8_ZN2v88internal12_GLOBAL__N_119HandleApiCallHelperILb0EEENS0
+  Memcheck:Addr8
+  fun:strncmp
+  ...
+  fun:_ZZN4node7binding6DLOpenERKN2v820FunctionCallbackInfoINS1_5ValueEEEENKUlPNS0_4DLibEE_clES8_
+  fun:_ZN4node7binding6DLOpenERKN2v820FunctionCallbackInfoINS1_5ValueEEE
+  fun:_ZN2v88internal12_GLOBAL__N_119HandleApiCallHelperILb0EEENS0_11MaybeHandleINS0_6ObjectEEEPNS0_7IsolateENS0_6HandleINS0_10HeapObjectEEESA_NS8_INS0_20FunctionTemplateInfoEEENS8_IS4_EENS0_16BuiltinArgumentsE
+}

test/unit/agent.js

@@ -19,6 +19,17 @@ describe('HTTP agent', function () {
     assert.strictEqual(443, proxy.defaultPort);
   });
 
+  it('HTTPS proxy with auth from HTTPS_PROXY using credentials containing special characters', function () {
+    process.env.HTTPS_PROXY = 'https://user,:pass=@secure:123';
+    const proxy = agent();
+    delete process.env.HTTPS_PROXY;
+    assert.strictEqual('object', typeof proxy);
+    assert.strictEqual('secure', proxy.options.proxy.host);
+    assert.strictEqual(123, proxy.options.proxy.port);
+    assert.strictEqual('user,:pass=', proxy.options.proxy.proxyAuth);
+    assert.strictEqual(443, proxy.defaultPort);
+  });
+
   it('HTTP proxy without auth from npm_config_proxy', function () {
     process.env.npm_config_proxy = 'http://plaintext:456';
     const proxy = agent();

test/unit/alpha.js

@@ -155,4 +155,27 @@ describe('Alpha transparency', function () {
         });
     }));
   });
+
+  it('Valid ensureAlpha value used for alpha channel', async () => {
+    const background = { r: 255, g: 0, b: 0 };
+    const [r, g, b, alpha] = await sharp({
+      create: {
+        width: 8,
+        height: 8,
+        channels: 3,
+        background
+      }
+    })
+      .ensureAlpha(0.5)
+      .raw()
+      .toBuffer();
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual({ r, g, b, alpha }, { ...background, alpha: 127 });
+  });
+
+  it('Invalid ensureAlpha value throws', async () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      sharp().ensureAlpha('fail');
+    });
+  });
 });

test/unit/clahe.js

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+const sharp = require('../../lib');
+const fixtures = require('../fixtures');
+
+describe('Clahe', function () {
+  it('width 5 width 5 maxSlope 0', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 5, height: 5, maxSlope: 0 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-5-5-0.jpg'), data, { threshold: 10 }, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('width 5 width 5 maxSlope 5', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 5, height: 5, maxSlope: 5 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-5-5-5.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('width 11 width 25 maxSlope 14', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 11, height: 25, maxSlope: 14 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-11-25-14.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('width 50 width 50 maxSlope 0', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 50, height: 50, maxSlope: 0 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-50-50-0.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('width 50 width 50 maxSlope 14', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 50, height: 50, maxSlope: 14 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-50-50-14.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('width 100 width 50 maxSlope 3', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 100, height: 50, maxSlope: 3 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-100-50-3.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('width 100 width 100 maxSlope 0', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 100, height: 100, maxSlope: 0 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-100-100-0.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('invalid maxSlope', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: 100, maxSlope: -5 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: 100, maxSlope: 110 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: 100, maxSlope: 5.5 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: 100, maxSlope: 'a string' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('invalid width', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100.5, height: 100 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: -5, height: 100 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: true, height: 100 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 'string test', height: 100 });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('invalid height', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: 100.5 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: -5 });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: true });
+    });
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe({ width: 100, height: 'string test' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('invalid options object', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe).clahe(100, 100, 5);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('uses default maxSlope of 3', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgClahe)
+      .clahe({ width: 100, height: 50 })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('clahe-100-50-3.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+});

test/unit/colourspace.js

@@ -90,7 +90,29 @@ describe('Colour space conversion', function () {
       });
   });
 
-  it('Invalid input', function () {
+  it('From sRGB with RGB16 pipeline, resize with gamma, to sRGB', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputPngGradients)
+      .pipelineColourspace('rgb16')
+      .resize(320)
+      .gamma()
+      .toColourspace('srgb')
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('colourspace-gradients-gamma-resize.png'), data, {
+          threshold: 0
+        }, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('Invalid pipelineColourspace input', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
+        .pipelineColorspace(null);
+    }, /Expected string for colourspace but received null of type object/);
+  });
+
+  it('Invalid toColourspace input', function () {
     assert.throws(function () {
       sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
         .toColourspace(null);

test/unit/extractChannel.js

@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ describe('Image channel extraction', function () {
   it('With colorspace conversion', function (done) {
     const output = fixtures.path('output.extract-lch.jpg');
     sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
-      .toColourspace('lch')
       .extractChannel(1)
+      .toColourspace('lch')
       .resize(320, 240, { fastShrinkOnLoad: false })
       .toFile(output, function (err, info) {
         if (err) throw err;
@@ -70,12 +70,13 @@ describe('Image channel extraction', function () {
   });
 
   it('Alpha from 16-bit PNG', function (done) {
-    const output = fixtures.path('output.extract-alpha-16bit.jpg');
+    const output = fixtures.path('output.extract-alpha-16bit.png');
     sharp(fixtures.inputPngWithTransparency16bit)
+      .resize(16)
       .extractChannel(3)
-      .toFile(output, function (err, info) {
+      .toFile(output, function (err) {
         if (err) throw err;
-        fixtures.assertMaxColourDistance(output, fixtures.expected('extract-alpha-16bit.jpg'));
+        fixtures.assertMaxColourDistance(output, fixtures.expected('extract-alpha-16bit.png'));
         done();
       });
   });

test/unit/io.js

@@ -335,17 +335,6 @@ describe('Input/output', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  it('Fail when input is empty Buffer', function (done) {
-    sharp(Buffer.alloc(0)).toBuffer().then(function () {
-      assert(false);
-      done();
-    }).catch(function (err) {
-      assert(err instanceof Error);
-      assert.strictEqual('Input buffer contains unsupported image format', err.message);
-      done();
-    });
-  });
-
   it('Fail when input is invalid Buffer', function (done) {
     sharp(Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4])).toBuffer().then(function () {
       assert(false);
@@ -718,6 +707,19 @@ describe('Input/output', function () {
         sharp({ level: -1 });
       }, /Expected integer between 0 and 256 for level but received -1 of type number/);
     });
+    it('Valid subifd property', function () {
+      sharp({ subifd: 1 });
+    });
+    it('Invalid subifd property (string) throws', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp({ subifd: '1' });
+      }, /Expected integer between -1 and 100000 for subifd but received 1 of type string/);
+    });
+    it('Invalid subifd property (float) throws', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp({ subifd: 1.2 });
+      }, /Expected integer between -1 and 100000 for subifd but received 1.2 of type number/);
+    });
   });
 
   describe('create new image', function () {

test/unit/libvips.js

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('libvips binaries', function () {
 
     it('logs an error message', function (done) {
       console.error = function (msg) {
-        assert.strictEqual(msg, 'sharp: problem');
+        assert.strictEqual(msg, 'sharp: Installation error: problem');
         done();
       };
       libvips.log(new Error('problem'));

test/unit/metadata.js

@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
       })
   );
 
-  it('GIF via giflib', function (done) {
+  it('GIF', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputGif).metadata(function (err, metadata) {
       if (err) throw err;
       assert.strictEqual('gif', metadata.format);
@@ -253,27 +253,26 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.chromaSubsampling);
       assert.strictEqual(false, metadata.isProgressive);
       assert.strictEqual(false, metadata.hasProfile);
-      assert.strictEqual(false, metadata.hasAlpha);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.orientation);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.exif);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.icc);
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata.background, { r: 138, g: 148, b: 102 });
       done();
     });
   });
-  it('GIF grey+alpha via giflib', function (done) {
+  it('GIF grey+alpha', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputGifGreyPlusAlpha).metadata(function (err, metadata) {
       if (err) throw err;
       assert.strictEqual('gif', metadata.format);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.size);
       assert.strictEqual(2, metadata.width);
       assert.strictEqual(1, metadata.height);
-      assert.strictEqual(2, metadata.channels);
+      assert.strictEqual(4, metadata.channels);
       assert.strictEqual('uchar', metadata.depth);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.density);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.chromaSubsampling);
       assert.strictEqual(false, metadata.isProgressive);
       assert.strictEqual(false, metadata.hasProfile);
-      assert.strictEqual(true, metadata.hasAlpha);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.orientation);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.exif);
       assert.strictEqual('undefined', typeof metadata.icc);
@@ -287,7 +286,7 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
       .then(({
         format, width, height, space, channels, depth,
         isProgressive, pages, pageHeight, loop, delay,
-        hasProfile, hasAlpha
+        background, hasProfile, hasAlpha
       }) => {
         assert.strictEqual(format, 'gif');
         assert.strictEqual(width, 80);
@@ -300,6 +299,7 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
         assert.strictEqual(pageHeight, 80);
         assert.strictEqual(loop, 0);
         assert.deepStrictEqual(delay, Array(30).fill(30));
+        assert.deepStrictEqual(background, { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0 });
         assert.strictEqual(hasProfile, false);
         assert.strictEqual(hasAlpha, true);
       })
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
         assert.strictEqual(isProgressive, false);
         assert.strictEqual(pages, 10);
         assert.strictEqual(pageHeight, 285);
-        assert.strictEqual(loop, 3);
+        assert.strictEqual(loop, 2);
         assert.deepStrictEqual(delay, [...Array(9).fill(3000), 15000]);
         assert.strictEqual(hasProfile, false);
         assert.strictEqual(hasAlpha, true);
@@ -599,6 +599,68 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
       });
   });
 
+  it('Add EXIF metadata to JPEG', async () => {
+    const data = await sharp({
+      create: {
+        width: 8,
+        height: 8,
+        channels: 3,
+        background: 'red'
+      }
+    })
+      .jpeg()
+      .withMetadata({
+        exif: {
+          IFD0: { Software: 'sharp' },
+          IFD2: { ExposureTime: '0.2' }
+        }
+      })
+      .toBuffer();
+
+    const { exif } = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    const parsedExif = exifReader(exif);
+    assert.strictEqual(parsedExif.image.Software, 'sharp');
+    assert.strictEqual(parsedExif.exif.ExposureTime, 0.2);
+  });
+
+  it('Set density of JPEG', async () => {
+    const data = await sharp({
+      create: {
+        width: 8,
+        height: 8,
+        channels: 3,
+        background: 'red'
+      }
+    })
+      .withMetadata({
+        density: 300
+      })
+      .jpeg()
+      .toBuffer();
+
+    const { density } = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    assert.strictEqual(density, 300);
+  });
+
+  it('Set density of PNG', async () => {
+    const data = await sharp({
+      create: {
+        width: 8,
+        height: 8,
+        channels: 3,
+        background: 'red'
+      }
+    })
+      .withMetadata({
+        density: 96
+      })
+      .png()
+      .toBuffer();
+
+    const { density } = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    assert.strictEqual(density, 96);
+  });
+
   it('chromaSubsampling 4:4:4:4 CMYK JPEG', function () {
     return sharp(fixtures.inputJpgWithCmykProfile)
       .metadata()
@@ -664,6 +726,25 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
       })
   );
 
+  it('AVIF', async () => {
+    const metadata = await sharp(fixtures.inputAvif).metadata();
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
+      format: 'heif',
+      width: 2048,
+      height: 858,
+      space: 'srgb',
+      channels: 3,
+      depth: 'uchar',
+      isProgressive: false,
+      pages: 1,
+      pageHeight: 858,
+      pagePrimary: 0,
+      compression: 'av1',
+      hasProfile: false,
+      hasAlpha: false
+    });
+  });
+
   it('File input with corrupt header fails gracefully', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputJpgWithCorruptHeader)
       .metadata(function (err) {
@@ -712,10 +793,35 @@ describe('Image metadata', function () {
         sharp().withMetadata({ orientation: 9 });
       });
     });
+    it('Non-numeric density', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp().withMetadata({ density: '1' });
+      });
+    });
+    it('Negative density', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp().withMetadata({ density: -1 });
+      });
+    });
     it('Non string icc', function () {
       assert.throws(function () {
         sharp().withMetadata({ icc: true });
       });
     });
+    it('Non object exif', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp().withMetadata({ exif: false });
+      });
+    });
+    it('Non string value in object exif', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp().withMetadata({ exif: { ifd0: false } });
+      });
+    });
+    it('Non string value in nested object exif', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp().withMetadata({ exif: { ifd0: { fail: false } } });
+      });
+    });
   });
 });

test/unit/negate.js

@@ -107,4 +107,88 @@ describe('Negate', function () {
         done();
       });
   });
+
+  it('negate ({alpha: true})', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
+      .resize(320, 240)
+      .negate({ alpha: true })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
+        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+        assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('negate.jpg'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('negate non-alpha channels (png)', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputPng)
+      .resize(320, 240)
+      .negate({ alpha: false })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('png', info.format);
+        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+        assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('negate-preserve-alpha.png'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('negate non-alpha channels (png, trans)', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputPngWithTransparency)
+      .resize(320, 240)
+      .negate({ alpha: false })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('png', info.format);
+        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+        assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('negate-preserve-alpha-trans.png'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('negate non-alpha channels (png, alpha)', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputPngWithGreyAlpha)
+      .resize(320, 240)
+      .negate({ alpha: false })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('png', info.format);
+        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+        assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('negate-preserve-alpha-grey.png'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('negate non-alpha channels (webp)', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputWebP)
+      .resize(320, 240)
+      .negate({ alpha: false })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('webp', info.format);
+        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+        assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('negate-preserve-alpha.webp'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('negate non-alpha channels (webp, trans)', function (done) {
+    sharp(fixtures.inputWebPWithTransparency)
+      .resize(320, 240)
+      .negate({ alpha: false })
+      .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+        if (err) throw err;
+        assert.strictEqual('webp', info.format);
+        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
+        assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+        fixtures.assertSimilar(fixtures.expected('negate-preserve-alpha-trans.webp'), data, done);
+      });
+  });
+
+  it('invalid alpha value', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      sharp(fixtures.inputWebPWithTransparency).negate({ alpha: 'non-bool' });
+    });
+  });
 });

test/unit/platform.js

@@ -32,23 +32,21 @@ describe('Platform-detection', function () {
     delete process.env.npm_config_arch;
   });
 
-  it('Can detect ARM version via process.config', function () {
+  if (process.config.variables.arm_version) {
-    process.env.npm_config_arch = 'arm';
+    it('Can detect ARM version via process.config', function () {
-    const armVersion = process.config.variables.arm_version;
+      process.env.npm_config_arch = 'arm';
-    process.config.variables.arm_version = 'test';
+      assert.strictEqual(`armv${process.config.variables.arm_version}`, platform().split('-')[1]);
-    assert.strictEqual('armvtest', platform().split('-')[1]);
+      delete process.env.npm_config_arch;
-    process.config.variables.arm_version = armVersion;
+    });
-    delete process.env.npm_config_arch;
+  }
-  });
 
-  it('Defaults to ARMv6 for 32-bit', function () {
+  if (!process.config.variables.arm_version) {
-    process.env.npm_config_arch = 'arm';
+    it('Defaults to ARMv6 for 32-bit', function () {
-    const armVersion = process.config.variables.arm_version;
+      process.env.npm_config_arch = 'arm';
-    delete process.config.variables.arm_version;
+      assert.strictEqual('armv6', platform().split('-')[1]);
-    assert.strictEqual('armv6', platform().split('-')[1]);
+      delete process.env.npm_config_arch;
-    process.config.variables.arm_version = armVersion;
+    });
-    delete process.env.npm_config_arch;
+  }
-  });
 
   it('Defaults to ARMv8 for 64-bit', function () {
     process.env.npm_config_arch = 'arm64';

test/unit/raw.js

@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@ const fixtures = require('../fixtures');
 
 describe('Raw pixel data', function () {
   describe('Raw pixel input', function () {
+    it('Empty data', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp(Buffer.from(''));
+      }, /empty/);
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp(new Uint8Array(0));
+      }, /empty/);
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp(new Uint8ClampedArray(0));
+      }, /empty/);
+    });
+
     it('Missing options', function () {
       assert.throws(function () {
         sharp({ raw: {} });
@@ -95,6 +107,52 @@ describe('Raw pixel data', function () {
         });
     });
 
+    it('RGBA premultiplied', function (done) {
+      // Convert to raw pixel data
+      sharp(fixtures.inputPngSolidAlpha)
+        .resize(256)
+        .raw()
+        .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+          if (err) throw err;
+          assert.strictEqual(256, info.width);
+          assert.strictEqual(192, info.height);
+          assert.strictEqual(4, info.channels);
+
+          const originalData = Buffer.from(data);
+
+          // Premultiply image data
+          for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i += 4) {
+            const alpha = data[i + 3];
+            const norm = alpha / 255;
+
+            if (alpha < 255) {
+              data[i] = Math.round(data[i] * norm);
+              data[i + 1] = Math.round(data[i + 1] * norm);
+              data[i + 2] = Math.round(data[i + 2] * norm);
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Convert back to PNG
+          sharp(data, {
+            raw: {
+              width: info.width,
+              height: info.height,
+              channels: info.channels,
+              premultiplied: true
+            }
+          })
+            .raw()
+            .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
+              if (err) throw err;
+              assert.strictEqual(256, info.width);
+              assert.strictEqual(192, info.height);
+              assert.strictEqual(4, info.channels);
+              assert.equal(data.compare(originalData), 0, 'output buffer matches unpremultiplied input buffer');
+              done();
+            });
+        });
+    });
+
     it('JPEG to raw Stream and back again', function (done) {
       const width = 32;
       const height = 24;
@@ -121,7 +179,7 @@ describe('Raw pixel data', function () {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Ouput raw, uncompressed image data', function () {
+  describe('Output raw, uncompressed image data', function () {
     it('1 channel greyscale image', function (done) {
       sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
         .greyscale()
@@ -169,7 +227,7 @@ describe('Raw pixel data', function () {
         });
     });
 
-    it('extract A from RGBA', () =>
+    it('Extract A from RGBA', () =>
       sharp(fixtures.inputPngWithTransparency)
         .resize(32, 24)
         .extractChannel(3)
@@ -183,4 +241,41 @@ describe('Raw pixel data', function () {
         })
     );
   });
+
+  describe('Raw pixel depths', function () {
+    it('Invalid depth', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        sharp(Buffer.alloc(3), { raw: { width: 1, height: 1, channels: 3 } })
+          .raw({ depth: 'zoinks' });
+      });
+    });
+
+    for (const { constructor, depth, bits } of [
+      { constructor: Uint8Array, depth: undefined, bits: 8 },
+      { constructor: Uint8Array, depth: 'uchar', bits: 8 },
+      { constructor: Uint8ClampedArray, depth: 'uchar', bits: 8 },
+      { constructor: Int8Array, depth: 'char', bits: 8 },
+      { constructor: Uint16Array, depth: 'ushort', bits: 16 },
+      { constructor: Int16Array, depth: 'short', bits: 16 },
+      { constructor: Uint32Array, depth: 'uint', bits: 32 },
+      { constructor: Int32Array, depth: 'int', bits: 32 },
+      { constructor: Float32Array, depth: 'float', bits: 32 },
+      { constructor: Float64Array, depth: 'double', bits: 64 }
+    ]) {
+      it(constructor.name, () =>
+        sharp(new constructor(3), { raw: { width: 1, height: 1, channels: 3 } })
+          .raw({ depth })
+          .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true })
+          .then(({ data, info }) => {
+            assert.strictEqual(1, info.width);
+            assert.strictEqual(1, info.height);
+            assert.strictEqual(3, info.channels);
+            if (depth !== undefined) {
+              assert.strictEqual(depth, info.depth);
+            }
+            assert.strictEqual(data.length / 3, bits / 8);
+          })
+      );
+    }
+  });
 });

test/unit/resize.js

@@ -605,6 +605,26 @@ describe('Resize dimensions', function () {
       });
   });
 
+  it('Skip shrink-on-load where one dimension <4px', async () => {
+    const jpeg = await sharp({
+      create: {
+        width: 100,
+        height: 3,
+        channels: 3,
+        background: 'red'
+      }
+    })
+      .jpeg()
+      .toBuffer();
+
+    const { info } = await sharp(jpeg)
+      .resize(8)
+      .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
+
+    assert.strictEqual(info.width, 8);
+    assert.strictEqual(info.height, 1);
+  });
+
   it('unknown kernel throws', function () {
     assert.throws(function () {
       sharp().resize(null, null, { kernel: 'unknown' });

test/unit/stats.js

@@ -423,20 +423,20 @@ describe('Image Stats', function () {
       assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[0].maxY, 0, 1));
 
       // alpha channel
-      assert.strictEqual(0, stats.channels[1].min);
+      assert.strictEqual(0, stats.channels[3].min);
-      assert.strictEqual(255, stats.channels[1].max);
+      assert.strictEqual(255, stats.channels[3].max);
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[1].sum, 255));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[3].sum, 255));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[1].squaresSum, 65025));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[3].squaresSum, 65025));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[1].mean, 127.5));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[3].mean, 127.5));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[1].stdev, 180.31222920256963));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInAcceptableRange(stats.channels[3].stdev, 180.31222920256963));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[1].minX));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[3].minX));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[1].minX, 0, 2));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[3].minX, 0, 2));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[1].minY));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[3].minY));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[1].minY, 0, 1));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[3].minY, 0, 1));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[1].maxX));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[3].maxX));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[1].maxX, 0, 2));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[3].maxX, 0, 2));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[1].maxY));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInteger(stats.channels[3].maxY));
-      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[1].maxY, 0, 1));
+      assert.strictEqual(true, isInRange(stats.channels[3].maxY, 0, 1));
 
       done();
     });

test/unit/webp.js

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe('WebP', function () {
 
   it('should work for webp alpha quality', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputPngAlphaPremultiplicationSmall)
-      .webp({ alphaQuality: 80 })
+      .webp({ alphaQuality: 80, reductionEffort: 0 })
       .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
         if (err) throw err;
         assert.strictEqual(true, data.length > 0);
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('WebP', function () {
 
   it('should work for webp lossless', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputPngAlphaPremultiplicationSmall)
-      .webp({ lossless: true })
+      .webp({ lossless: true, reductionEffort: 0 })
       .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
         if (err) throw err;
         assert.strictEqual(true, data.length > 0);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('WebP', function () {
 
   it('should work for webp near-lossless', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputPngAlphaPremultiplicationSmall)
-      .webp({ nearLossless: true, quality: 50 })
+      .webp({ nearLossless: true, quality: 50, reductionEffort: 0 })
       .toBuffer(function (err50, data50, info50) {
         if (err50) throw err50;
         assert.strictEqual(true, data50.length > 0);
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('WebP', function () {
 
   it('should use near-lossless when both lossless and nearLossless are specified', function (done) {
     sharp(fixtures.inputPngAlphaPremultiplicationSmall)
-      .webp({ nearLossless: true, quality: 50, lossless: true })
+      .webp({ nearLossless: true, quality: 50, lossless: true, reductionEffort: 0 })
       .toBuffer(function (err50, data50, info50) {
         if (err50) throw err50;
         assert.strictEqual(true, data50.length > 0);
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ describe('WebP', function () {
   it('should work with streams when only animated is set', function (done) {
     fs.createReadStream(fixtures.inputWebPAnimated)
       .pipe(sharp({ animated: true }))
-      .webp({ lossless: true })
+      .webp({ lossless: true, reductionEffort: 0 })
       .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
         if (err) throw err;
         assert.strictEqual(true, data.length > 0);
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ describe('WebP', function () {
   it('should work with streams when only pages is set', function (done) {
     fs.createReadStream(fixtures.inputWebPAnimated)
       .pipe(sharp({ pages: -1 }))
-      .webp({ lossless: true })
+      .webp({ lossless: true, reductionEffort: 0 })
       .toBuffer(function (err, data, info) {
         if (err) throw err;
         assert.strictEqual(true, data.length > 0);