WIP: Switch from custom VError to standard runtime_error

Ensure TIFF output bitdepth option is limited to 1, 2 or 4
Force MSVC to use exception handling
2026-02-04 05:36:18 +01:00 · 2026-01-23 22:26:15 +00:00 · 2026-01-23 21:29:40 +00:00 · 2026-01-22 12:52:48 +00:00 · 2026-01-20 21:10:56 +00:00 · 2026-01-18 20:24:34 +00:00
72 changed files with 1083 additions and 494 deletions
--- a/.cirrus.yml
+++ b/.cirrus.yml
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-freebsd_instance:
-  image_family: freebsd-16-0-snap
-
-task:
-  name: FreeBSD
-  env:
-    IGNORE_OSVERSION: yes
-  skip_notifications: true
-  prerequisites_script:
-    - pkg update -f
-    - pkg upgrade -y
-    - pkg install -y devel/git devel/pkgconf graphics/vips www/node22 www/npm
-    - pkg-config --modversion vips-cpp
-  install_script:
-    - npm install
-    - npm run build
-  test_script:
-    - node --test test/unit/io.js
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/installation.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/installation.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ please open an issue against that package instead.

 <!-- Please place an [x] in the relevant box to confirm. -->

- [ ] I am using Node.js with a version that satisfies `^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0`
+- [ ] I am using Node.js with a version that satisfies `>=20.9.0`
 - [ ] I am using Deno
 - [ ] I am using Bun

--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
          node-version: "24"
      - run: npm install --ignore-scripts
@@ -31,123 +31,124 @@ jobs:
          - os: ubuntu-24.04
            container: rockylinux:8
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "^20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: linux-x64
            package: true
          - os: ubuntu-24.04
            container: rockylinux:8
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^20.3.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 20
-            platform: linux-x64
-          - os: ubuntu-24.04
-            container: rockylinux:8
-            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^22.9.0"
+            nodejs_version: "^22"
            nodejs_version_major: 22
            platform: linux-x64
          - os: ubuntu-24.04
-            container: node:18-alpine3.17
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
-            platform: linuxmusl-x64
-            package: true
+            container: rockylinux:8
+            nodejs_arch: x64
+            nodejs_version: "^24"
+            nodejs_version_major: 24
+            platform: linux-x64
          - os: ubuntu-24.04
            container: node:20-alpine3.18
            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: linuxmusl-x64
+            package: true
          - os: ubuntu-24.04
            container: node:22-alpine3.20
            nodejs_version_major: 22
            platform: linuxmusl-x64
+          - os: ubuntu-24.04
+            container: node:24-alpine3.22
+            nodejs_version_major: 24
+            platform: linuxmusl-x64
          - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
            container: arm64v8/rockylinux:8
            nodejs_arch: arm64
-            nodejs_version: "^18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "^20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: linux-arm64
            package: true
          - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
            container: arm64v8/rockylinux:8
            nodejs_arch: arm64
-            nodejs_version: "^20.3.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 20
+            nodejs_version: "^22"
+            nodejs_version_major: 22
+            platform: linux-arm64
+          - os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+            container: arm64v8/rockylinux:8
+            nodejs_arch: arm64
+            nodejs_version: "^24"
+            nodejs_version_major: 24
            platform: linux-arm64
          - os: macos-15-intel
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "^20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: darwin-x64
            package: true
          - os: macos-15-intel
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^20.3.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 20
+            nodejs_version: "^22"
+            nodejs_version_major: 22
            platform: darwin-x64
          - os: macos-15-intel
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^22.9.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 22
+            nodejs_version: "^24"
+            nodejs_version_major: 24
            platform: darwin-x64
          - os: macos-15
            nodejs_arch: arm64
-            nodejs_version: "^18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "^20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: darwin-arm64
            package: true
          - os: macos-15
            nodejs_arch: arm64
-            nodejs_version: "^20.3.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 20
+            nodejs_version: "^22"
+            nodejs_version_major: 22
            platform: darwin-arm64
          - os: macos-15
            nodejs_arch: arm64
-            nodejs_version: "^22.9.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 22
+            nodejs_version: "^24"
+            nodejs_version_major: 24
            platform: darwin-arm64
          - os: windows-2022
            nodejs_arch: x86
-            nodejs_version: "18.18.2" # pinned to avoid 18.19.0 and npm 10
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "^20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: win32-ia32
            package: true
-          - os: windows-2022
-            nodejs_arch: x86
-            nodejs_version: "^20.3.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 20
-            platform: win32-ia32
-          - os: windows-2022
-            nodejs_arch: x86
-            nodejs_version: "^22.9.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 22
-            platform: win32-ia32
          - os: windows-2022
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "^20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: win32-x64
            package: true
          - os: windows-2022
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^20.3.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 20
+            nodejs_version: "^22"
+            nodejs_version_major: 22
            platform: win32-x64
          - os: windows-2022
            nodejs_arch: x64
-            nodejs_version: "^22.9.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 22
+            nodejs_version: "^24"
+            nodejs_version_major: 24
            platform: win32-x64
          - os: windows-11-arm
            nodejs_arch: arm64
-            nodejs_version: "^20.3.0"
+            nodejs_version: "^20.9.0"
            nodejs_version_major: 20
            platform: win32-arm64
            package: true
          - os: windows-11-arm
            nodejs_arch: arm64
-            nodejs_version: "^22.9.0"
+            nodejs_version: "^22"
            nodejs_version_major: 22
            platform: win32-arm64
+          - os: windows-11-arm
+            nodejs_arch: arm64
+            nodejs_version: "^24"
+            nodejs_version_major: 24
+            platform: win32-arm64
    steps:
      - name: Dependencies (Rocky Linux glibc)
        if: contains(matrix.container, 'rockylinux')
@@ -159,22 +160,22 @@ jobs:
        run: apk add build-base git python3 font-noto --update-cache
      - name: Dependencies (Python 3.11 - macOS, Windows)
        if: contains(matrix.os, 'macos') || contains(matrix.os, 'windows')
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"
      - name: Dependencies (Node.js)
        if: "!contains(matrix.platform, 'linuxmusl')"
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.nodejs_version }}
          architecture: ${{ matrix.nodejs_arch }}
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      - run: npm install
      - run: npm run build
      - run: npm run test-unit
      - if: matrix.package
        run: npm run package-from-local-build
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
        if: matrix.package
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.platform }}
@@ -191,16 +192,18 @@ jobs:
      image: ${{ matrix.container }}
      volumes:
        - /opt:/opt:rw,rshared
-        - /opt:/__e/node20:ro,rshared
+        - /opt:/__e/node24:ro,rshared
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        include:
-        - container: node:18-alpine3.17
-          nodejs_version_major: 18
-          package: true
-        - container: node:20-alpine3.18
+        - container: node:20-alpine3.20
          nodejs_version_major: 20
+          package: true
+        - container: node:22-alpine3.20
+          nodejs_version_major: 22
+        - container: node:24-alpine3.22
+          nodejs_version_major: 24
    steps:
      - name: Allow Linux musl containers on ARM64 runners # https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/801#issuecomment-2394425757
        shell: sh
@@ -211,13 +214,13 @@ jobs:
          ln -s /usr/bin/node /opt/bin/node
      - name: Dependencies
        run: apk add build-base git python3 font-noto --update-cache
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      - run: npm install
      - run: npm run build
      - run: npm run test-unit
      - if: matrix.package
        run: npm run package-from-local-build
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
        if: matrix.package
        with:
          name: linuxmusl-arm64
@@ -238,20 +241,20 @@ jobs:
            base_image: "balenalib/rpi-raspbian:bullseye"
            nodejs_arch: armv6l
            nodejs_hostname: unofficial-builds.nodejs.org
-            nodejs_version: "18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
          - platform: linux-s390x
            base_image: "--platform=linux/s390x s390x/debian:bookworm"
            nodejs_arch: s390x
            nodejs_hostname: nodejs.org
-            nodejs_version: "18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
          - platform: linux-ppc64
            base_image: "--platform=linux/ppc64le ppc64le/debian:bookworm"
            nodejs_arch: ppc64le
            nodejs_hostname: nodejs.org
-            nodejs_version: "18.17.0"
-            nodejs_version_major: 18
+            nodejs_version: "20.9.0"
+            nodejs_version_major: 20
          - platform: linux-riscv64
            base_image: "--platform=linux/riscv64 riscv64/debian:trixie"
            compiler_flags: "-march=rv64gc"
@@ -260,7 +263,7 @@ jobs:
            nodejs_version: "20.19.5"
            nodejs_version_major: 20
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      - uses: uraimo/run-on-arch-action@v3
        with:
          arch: none
@@ -279,19 +282,39 @@ jobs:
            npm run build
            node --test test/unit/io.js
            npm run package-from-local-build
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.platform }}
          path: npm/${{ matrix.platform }}
          retention-days: 1
          if-no-files-found: error
+  build-freebsd:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    needs: lint
+    name: "build-freebsd"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1
+        continue-on-error: true
+        with:
+          prepare: |
+            pkg update -f
+            pkg upgrade -y
+            pkg install -y devel/git devel/pkgconf graphics/vips www/node22 www/npm
+            pkg-config --modversion vips-cpp
+          run: |
+            npm install
+            npm run build
+            node --test test/unit/io.js
  build-emscripten:
    permissions:
      contents: read
    needs: lint
    name: "build-wasm32 [package]"
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    container: "emscripten/emsdk:4.0.18"
+    container: "emscripten/emsdk:4.0.21"
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Dependencies
@@ -311,7 +334,7 @@ jobs:
          test "$EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_LIBVIPS" = "$EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION_SHARP"
      - run: emmake npm run test-unit
      - run: emmake npm run package-from-local-build
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v6
        with:
          name: wasm32
          path: npm/wasm32
@@ -329,12 +352,12 @@ jobs:
      - build-emscripten
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v7
        with:
          path: npm
      - name: Create npm workspace tarball
        run: tar -vcaf npm-workspace.tar.xz --directory npm --exclude=from-local-build.js .
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
          node-version: '24'
      - name: Create release notes
--- a/.github/workflows/npm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/npm.yml
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Install Node.js
        if: ${{ matrix.runtime == 'node' }}
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
          node-version: 20
      - name: Install pnpm
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 src/build
 src/node_modules
 node_modules
-/coverage
 npm/*/*
 !npm/*/package.json
 test/bench/node_modules
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@ test/fixtures/output*
 test/fixtures/vips-properties.xml
 test/leak/libvips.supp
 .DS_Store
-.nyc_output
 .vscode/
 package-lock.json
 .idea
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ smaller, web-friendly JPEG, PNG, WebP, GIF and AVIF images of varying dimensions

 It can be used with all JavaScript runtimes
 that provide support for Node-API v9, including
-Node.js (^18.17.0 or >= 20.3.0), Deno and Bun.
+Node.js (>= 20.9.0), Deno and Bun.

 Resizing an image is typically 4x-5x faster than using the
 quickest ImageMagick and GraphicsMagick settings
--- a/biome.json
+++ b/biome.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "$schema": "https://biomejs.dev/schemas/2.3.4/schema.json",
+  "$schema": "https://biomejs.dev/schemas/2.3.10/schema.json",
  "vcs": {
    "enabled": true,
    "clientKind": "git",
--- a/docs/package.json
+++ b/docs/package.json
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@
    "astro": "astro"
  },
  "dependencies": {
-    "@astrojs/starlight": "^0.36.2",
-    "astro": "^5.15.3",
-    "starlight-auto-sidebar": "^0.1.3"
+    "@astrojs/starlight": "^0.37.1",
+    "astro": "^5.16.6",
+    "jsdoc-to-markdown": "^9.1.3",
+    "starlight-auto-sidebar": "^0.1.4"
  }
 }
--- a/docs/public/humans.txt
+++ b/docs/public/humans.txt
@@ -326,3 +326,6 @@ GitHub: https://github.com/tpatel

 Name: Maël Nison
 GitHub: https://github.com/arcanis
+
+Name: Dmytro Tiapukhin
+GitHub: https://github.com/eddienubes
--- a/docs/src/content/docs/api-input.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/api-input.md
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ A `Promise` is returned when `callback` is not provided.
 - `tifftagPhotoshop`: Buffer containing raw TIFFTAG_PHOTOSHOP data, if present
 - `formatMagick`: String containing format for images loaded via *magick
 - `comments`: Array of keyword/text pairs representing PNG text blocks, if present.
+- `gainMap.image`: HDR gain map, if present, as compressed JPEG image.



--- a/docs/src/content/docs/api-operation.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/api-operation.md
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ inputStream


 ## sharpen
-> sharpen([options], [flat], [jagged]) ⇒ <code>Sharp</code>
+> sharpen([options]) ⇒ <code>Sharp</code>

 Sharpen the image.

@@ -189,15 +189,13 @@ See [libvips sharpen](https://www.libvips.org/API/current/method.Image.sharpen.h

 | Param | Type | Default | Description |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
-| [options] | <code>Object</code> \| <code>number</code> |  | if present, is an Object with attributes |
+| [options] | <code>Object</code> |  | if present, is an Object with attributes |
 | [options.sigma] | <code>number</code> |  | the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`, between 0.000001 and 10 |
 | [options.m1] | <code>number</code> | <code>1.0</code> | the level of sharpening to apply to "flat" areas, between 0 and 1000000 |
 | [options.m2] | <code>number</code> | <code>2.0</code> | the level of sharpening to apply to "jagged" areas, between 0 and 1000000 |
 | [options.x1] | <code>number</code> | <code>2.0</code> | threshold between "flat" and "jagged", between 0 and 1000000 |
 | [options.y2] | <code>number</code> | <code>10.0</code> | maximum amount of brightening, between 0 and 1000000 |
 | [options.y3] | <code>number</code> | <code>20.0</code> | maximum amount of darkening, between 0 and 1000000 |
-| [flat] | <code>number</code> |  | (deprecated) see `options.m1`. |
-| [jagged] | <code>number</code> |  | (deprecated) see `options.m2`. |

 **Example**  
 ```js
@@ -360,8 +358,6 @@ with all white pixel values made fully transparent.

 Existing alpha channel values for non-white pixels remain unchanged.

-This feature is experimental and the API may change.
-

 **Since**: 0.32.1  
 **Example**  
--- a/docs/src/content/docs/api-output.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/api-output.md
@@ -117,6 +117,38 @@ await sharp(pixelArray, { raw: { width, height, channels } })
 ```


+## toUint8Array
+> toUint8Array() ⇒ <code>Promise.&lt;{data: Uint8Array, info: Object}&gt;</code>
+
+Write output to a `Uint8Array` backed by a transferable `ArrayBuffer`.
+JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, GIF and raw pixel data output are supported.
+
+Use [toFormat](#toformat) or one of the format-specific functions such as [jpeg](#jpeg), [png](#png) etc. to set the output format.
+
+If no explicit format is set, the output format will match the input image, except SVG input which becomes PNG output.
+
+By default all metadata will be removed, which includes EXIF-based orientation.
+See [keepExif](#keepexif) and similar methods for control over this.
+
+Resolves with an `Object` containing:
+- `data` is the output image as a `Uint8Array` backed by a transferable `ArrayBuffer`.
+- `info` contains properties relating to the output image such as `width` and `height`.
+
+
+**Since**: v0.35.0  
+**Example**  
+```js
+const { data, info } = await sharp(input).toUint8Array();
+```
+**Example**  
+```js
+const { data } = await sharp(input)
+  .avif()
+  .toUint8Array();
+const base64String = data.toBase64();
+```
+
+
 ## keepExif
 > keepExif() ⇒ <code>Sharp</code>

@@ -250,6 +282,27 @@ const outputWithP3 = await sharp(input)
 ```


+## withGainMap
+> withGainMap() ⇒ <code>Sharp</code>
+
+If the input contains gain map metadata, use it to convert the main image to HDR (High Dynamic Range) before further processing.
+The input gain map is discarded.
+
+If the output is JPEG, generate and attach a new ISO 21496-1 gain map.
+JPEG output options other than `quality` are ignored.
+
+This feature is experimental and the API may change.
+
+
+**Since**: 0.35.0  
+**Example**  
+```js
+const outputWithGainMap = await sharp(inputWithGainMap)
+  .withGainMap()
+  .toBuffer();
+```
+
+
 ## keepXmp
 > keepXmp() ⇒ <code>Sharp</code>

@@ -510,6 +563,7 @@ Use these WebP options for output image.
 | [options.delay] | <code>number</code> \| <code>Array.&lt;number&gt;</code> |  | delay(s) between animation frames (in milliseconds) |
 | [options.minSize] | <code>boolean</code> | <code>false</code> | prevent use of animation key frames to minimise file size (slow) |
 | [options.mixed] | <code>boolean</code> | <code>false</code> | allow mixture of lossy and lossless animation frames (slow) |
+| [options.exact] | <code>boolean</code> | <code>false</code> | preserve the colour data in transparent pixels |
 | [options.force] | <code>boolean</code> | <code>true</code> | force WebP output, otherwise attempt to use input format |

 **Example**  
@@ -663,7 +717,7 @@ instead of providing `xres` and `yres` in pixels/mm.
 | [options.xres] | <code>number</code> | <code>1.0</code> | horizontal resolution in pixels/mm |
 | [options.yres] | <code>number</code> | <code>1.0</code> | vertical resolution in pixels/mm |
 | [options.resolutionUnit] | <code>string</code> | <code>&quot;&#x27;inch&#x27;&quot;</code> | resolution unit options: inch, cm |
-| [options.bitdepth] | <code>number</code> | <code>8</code> | reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit |
+| [options.bitdepth] | <code>number</code> | <code>0</code> | reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit |
 | [options.miniswhite] | <code>boolean</code> | <code>false</code> | write 1-bit images as miniswhite |

 **Example**  
@@ -687,8 +741,7 @@ Use these AVIF options for output image.
 AVIF image sequences are not supported.
 Prebuilt binaries support a bitdepth of 8 only.

-This feature is experimental on the Windows ARM64 platform
-and requires a CPU with ARM64v8.4 or later.
+When using Windows ARM64, this feature requires a CPU with ARM64v8.4 or later.


 **Throws**:
@@ -705,6 +758,7 @@ and requires a CPU with ARM64v8.4 or later.
 | [options.effort] | <code>number</code> | <code>4</code> | CPU effort, between 0 (fastest) and 9 (slowest) |
 | [options.chromaSubsampling] | <code>string</code> | <code>&quot;&#x27;4:4:4&#x27;&quot;</code> | set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling |
 | [options.bitdepth] | <code>number</code> | <code>8</code> | set bitdepth to 8, 10 or 12 bit |
+| [options.tune] | <code>string</code> | <code>&quot;&#x27;iq&#x27;&quot;</code> | tune output for a quality metric, one of 'iq' (default), 'ssim' (default when lossless) or 'psnr' |

 **Example**  
 ```js
@@ -744,6 +798,7 @@ globally-installed libvips compiled with support for libheif, libde265 and x265.
 | [options.effort] | <code>number</code> | <code>4</code> | CPU effort, between 0 (fastest) and 9 (slowest) |
 | [options.chromaSubsampling] | <code>string</code> | <code>&quot;&#x27;4:4:4&#x27;&quot;</code> | set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling |
 | [options.bitdepth] | <code>number</code> | <code>8</code> | set bitdepth to 8, 10 or 12 bit |
+| [options.tune] | <code>string</code> | <code>&quot;&#x27;ssim&#x27;&quot;</code> | tune output for a quality metric, one of 'ssim' (default), 'psnr' or 'iq' |

 **Example**  
 ```js
--- a/docs/src/content/docs/api-resize.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/api-resize.md
@@ -284,6 +284,7 @@ The `info` response Object will contain `trimOffsetLeft` and `trimOffsetTop` pro
 | [options.background] | <code>string</code> \| <code>Object</code> | <code>&quot;&#x27;top-left pixel&#x27;&quot;</code> | Background colour, parsed by the [color](https://www.npmjs.org/package/color) module, defaults to that of the top-left pixel. |
 | [options.threshold] | <code>number</code> | <code>10</code> | Allowed difference from the above colour, a positive number. |
 | [options.lineArt] | <code>boolean</code> | <code>false</code> | Does the input more closely resemble line art (e.g. vector) rather than being photographic? |
+| [options.margin] | <code>number</code> | <code>0</code> | Leave a margin around trimmed content, value is in pixels. |

 **Example**  
 ```js
@@ -320,4 +321,13 @@ const output = await sharp(input)
    threshold: 42,
  })
  .toBuffer();
+```
+**Example**  
+```js
+// Trim image leaving (up to) a 10 pixel margin around the trimmed content.
+const output = await sharp(input)
+  .trim({
+    margin: 10
+  })
+  .toBuffer();
 ```
--- a/docs/src/content/docs/changelog/v0.35.0.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/changelog/v0.35.0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+---
+title: v0.35.0 - TBC
+slug: changelog/v0.35.0
+---
+
+* Breaking: Drop support for Node.js 18, now requires Node.js >= 20.9.0.
+
+* Breaking: Remove `install` script from `package.json` file.
+  Compiling from source is now opt-in via the `build` script.
+
+* Breaking: AVIF output is now tuned using SSIMULACRA2-based `iq` quality metrics rather than `ssim`.
+
+* Breaking: Remove deprecated `failOnError` constructor property.
+
+* Breaking: Remove deprecated `paletteBitDepth` from `metadata` response.
+
+* Breaking: Remove deprecated properties from `sharpen` operation.
+
+* Breaking: Rename `format.jp2k` as `format.jp2` for API consistency.
+
+* Upgrade to libvips v8.18.0 for upstream bug fixes.
+
+* Ensure TIFF output `bitdepth` option is limited to 1, 2 or 4.
+
+* Deprecate Windows 32-bit (win32-ia32) prebuilt binaries.
+
+* Add AVIF/HEIF `tune` option for control over quality metrics.
+  [#4227](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/4227)
+
+* Add `withGainMap` to process HDR JPEG images with embedded gain maps.
+  [#4314](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/4314)
+
+* Add `toUint8Array` for output image as a `TypedArray` backed by a transferable `ArrayBuffer`.
+  [#4355](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/4355)
+
+* TypeScript: Ensure `FormatEnum` keys match reality.
+  [#4475](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/4475)
+
+* Add `margin` option to `trim` operation.
+  [#4480](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/4480)
+  [@eddienubes](https://github.com/eddienubes)
+
+* Ensure HEIF primary item is used as default page/frame.
+  [#4487](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/4487)
+
+* Add WebP `exact` option for control over transparent pixel colour values.
--- a/docs/src/content/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/index.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ smaller, web-friendly JPEG, PNG, WebP, GIF and AVIF images of varying dimensions

 It can be used with all JavaScript runtimes
 that provide support for Node-API v9, including
-Node.js >= 18.17.0, Deno and Bun.
+Node.js >= 20.9.0, Deno and Bun.

 Resizing an image is typically 4x-5x faster than using the
 quickest ImageMagick and GraphicsMagick settings
--- a/docs/src/content/docs/install.md
+++ b/docs/src/content/docs/install.md
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ npm install sharp
 pnpm add sharp
 ```

-When using `pnpm`, add `sharp` to
-[ignoredBuiltDependencies](https://pnpm.io/settings#ignoredbuiltdependencies)
-to silence warnings.
-
 ```sh frame="none"
 yarn add sharp
 ```
@@ -39,7 +35,7 @@ deno run --allow-env --allow-ffi --allow-read --allow-sys ...

 ## Prerequisites

-* Node-API v9 compatible runtime e.g. Node.js ^18.17.0 or >=20.3.0.
+* Node-API v9 compatible runtime e.g. Node.js >= 20.9.0.

 ## Prebuilt binaries

@@ -54,8 +50,8 @@ Ready-compiled sharp and libvips binaries are provided for use on the most commo
 * Linux s390x (glibc >= 2.36)
 * Linux x64 (glibc >= 2.26, musl >= 1.2.2, CPU with SSE4.2)
 * Windows x64
-* Windows x86
-* Windows ARM64 (experimental, CPU with ARMv8.4 required for all features)
+* Windows x86 (deprecated, Node.js 20 only)
+* Windows ARM64 (CPU with ARMv8.4 required for all features)

 This provides support for the
 JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF (limited to 8-bit depth), TIFF, GIF and SVG (input) image formats.
@@ -112,13 +108,13 @@ and on macOS when running Node.js under Rosetta.

 ## Building from source

-This module will be compiled from source when:
+```sh frame="none"
+npm install sharp
+npm explore sharp -- npm run build
+```

-* a globally-installed libvips is detected, or
-* using `npm explore sharp -- npm run build`, or
-* using the deprecated `npm run --build-from-source` at `npm install` time.
-
-The logic to detect a globally-installed libvips can be skipped by setting the
+The build process will search for a globally-installed libvips.
+This detection logic can be skipped by setting the
 `SHARP_IGNORE_GLOBAL_LIBVIPS` (never try to use it) or
 `SHARP_FORCE_GLOBAL_LIBVIPS` (always try to use it, even when missing or outdated)
 environment variables.
@@ -129,21 +125,12 @@ Building from source requires:
 * [node-addon-api](https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-addon-api) version 7+
 * [node-gyp](https://github.com/nodejs/node-gyp#installation) version 9+ and its dependencies

-There is an install-time check for these dependencies.
 If `node-addon-api` or `node-gyp` cannot be found, try adding them via:

 ```sh frame="none"
 npm install --save node-addon-api node-gyp
 ```

-When using `pnpm`, you may need to add `sharp` to
-[onlyBuiltDependencies](https://pnpm.io/settings#onlybuiltdependencies)
-to ensure the installation script can be run.
-
-For cross-compiling, the `--platform`, `--arch` and `--libc` npm flags
-(or the `npm_config_platform`, `npm_config_arch` and `npm_config_libc` environment variables)
-can be used to configure the target environment.
-
 ## WebAssembly

 Experimental support is provided for runtime environments that provide
@@ -166,10 +153,8 @@ as well as the additional [building from source](#building-from-source) dependen

 ```sh frame="none"
 pkg install -y pkgconf vips
-```
-
-```sh frame="none"
-cd /usr/ports/graphics/vips/ && make install clean
+npm install sharp
+npm explore sharp -- npm run build
 ```

 ## Linux memory allocator
@@ -203,6 +188,12 @@ and how to configure it.
 Some package managers use symbolic links
 but AWS Lambda does not support these within deployment packages.

+An alternative approach is to use a well-maintained, third-party Lambda Layer:
+
+- [cbschuld/sharp-aws-lambda-layer](https://github.com/cbschuld/sharp-aws-lambda-layer)
+- [pH200/sharp-layer](https://github.com/pH200/sharp-layer)
+- [zoellner/sharp-heic-lambda-layer](https://github.com/zoellner/sharp-heic-lambda-layer)
+
 To get the best performance select the largest memory available.
 A 1536 MB function provides ~12x more CPU time than a 128 MB function.

--- a/install/build.js
+++ b/install/build.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ const {
  spawnRebuild,
 } = require('../lib/libvips');

-log('Attempting to build from source via node-gyp');
+log('Building from source');
 log('See https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install#building-from-source');

 try {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ try {
 }

 if (useGlobalLibvips(log)) {
-  log(`Detected globally-installed libvips v${globalLibvipsVersion()}`);
+  log(`Found globally-installed libvips v${globalLibvipsVersion()}`);
 }

 const status = spawnRebuild();
--- a/install/check.js
+++ b/install/check.js
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-/*!
-  Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
-  SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-*/
-
-try {
-  const { useGlobalLibvips } = require('../lib/libvips');
-  if (useGlobalLibvips() || process.env.npm_config_build_from_source) {
-    process.exit(1);
-  }
-} catch (err) {
-  const summary = err.message.split(/\n/).slice(0, 1);
-  console.log(`sharp: skipping install check: ${summary}`);
-}
--- a/lib/constructor.js
+++ b/lib/constructor.js
@@ -278,6 +278,7 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
    trimBackground: [],
    trimThreshold: -1,
    trimLineArt: false,
+    trimMargin: 0,
    dilateWidth: 0,
    erodeWidth: 0,
    gamma: 0,
@@ -306,6 +307,7 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
    fileOut: '',
    formatOut: 'input',
    streamOut: false,
+    typedArrayOut: false,
    keepMetadata: 0,
    withMetadataOrientation: -1,
    withMetadataDensity: 0,
@@ -313,6 +315,7 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
    withExif: {},
    withExifMerge: true,
    withXmp: '',
+    withGainMap: false,
    resolveWithObject: false,
    loop: -1,
    delay: [],
@@ -348,6 +351,7 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
    webpEffort: 4,
    webpMinSize: false,
    webpMixed: false,
+    webpExact: false,
    gifBitdepth: 8,
    gifEffort: 7,
    gifDither: 1,
@@ -362,7 +366,7 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
    tiffPredictor: 'horizontal',
    tiffPyramid: false,
    tiffMiniswhite: false,
-    tiffBitdepth: 8,
+    tiffBitdepth: 0,
    tiffTile: false,
    tiffTileHeight: 256,
    tiffTileWidth: 256,
@@ -375,6 +379,7 @@ const Sharp = function (input, options) {
    heifEffort: 4,
    heifChromaSubsampling: '4:4:4',
    heifBitdepth: 8,
+    heifTune: 'ssim',
    jxlDistance: 1,
    jxlDecodingTier: 0,
    jxlEffort: 7,
--- a/lib/index.d.ts
+++ b/lib/index.d.ts
@@ -259,7 +259,6 @@ declare namespace sharp {
         * Set the pipeline colourspace.
         * The input image will be converted to the provided colourspace at the start of the pipeline.
         * All operations will use this colourspace before converting to the output colourspace, as defined by toColourspace.
-         * This feature is experimental and has not yet been fully-tested with all operations.
         *
         * @param colourspace pipeline colourspace e.g. rgb16, scrgb, lab, grey16 ...
         * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
@@ -470,21 +469,6 @@ declare namespace sharp {
         */
        sharpen(options?: SharpenOptions): Sharp;

-        /**
-         * Sharpen the image.
-         * When used without parameters, performs a fast, mild sharpen of the output image.
-         * When a sigma is provided, performs a slower, more accurate sharpen of the L channel in the LAB colour space.
-         * Fine-grained control over the level of sharpening in "flat" (m1) and "jagged" (m2) areas is available.
-         * @param sigma the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where sigma = 1 + radius / 2.
-         * @param flat the level of sharpening to apply to "flat" areas. (optional, default 1.0)
-         * @param jagged the level of sharpening to apply to "jagged" areas. (optional, default 2.0)
-         * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
-         * @returns A sharp instance that can be used to chain operations
-         *
-         * @deprecated Use the object parameter `sharpen({sigma, m1, m2, x1, y2, y3})` instead
-         */
-        sharpen(sigma?: number, flat?: number, jagged?: number): Sharp;
-
        /**
         * Apply median filter. When used without parameters the default window is 3x3.
         * @param size square mask size: size x size (optional, default 3)
@@ -693,6 +677,13 @@ declare namespace sharp {
         */
        toBuffer(options: { resolveWithObject: true }): Promise<{ data: Buffer; info: OutputInfo }>;

+        /**
+         * Write output to a Uint8Array backed by a transferable ArrayBuffer. JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, GIF and RAW output are supported.
+         * By default, the format will match the input image, except SVG input which becomes PNG output.
+         * @returns A promise that resolves with an object containing the Uint8Array data and an info object containing the output image format, size (bytes), width, height and channels
+         */
+        toUint8Array(): Promise<{ data: Uint8Array; info: OutputInfo }>;
+
        /**
         * Keep all EXIF metadata from the input image in the output image.
         * EXIF metadata is unsupported for TIFF output.
@@ -849,7 +840,7 @@ declare namespace sharp {
         * @returns A sharp instance that can be used to chain operations
         */
        toFormat(
-            format: keyof FormatEnum | AvailableFormatInfo,
+            format: keyof FormatEnum | AvailableFormatInfo | "avif",
            options?:
                | OutputOptions
                | JpegOptions
@@ -903,7 +894,7 @@ declare namespace sharp {
         *  - sharp.gravity: north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, northwest, center or centre.
         *  - sharp.strategy: cover only, dynamically crop using either the entropy or attention strategy. Some of these values are based on the object-position CSS property.
         *
-         * The experimental strategy-based approach resizes so one dimension is at its target length then repeatedly ranks edge regions,
+         * The strategy-based approach resizes so one dimension is at its target length then repeatedly ranks edge regions,
         * discarding the edge with the lowest score based on the selected strategy.
         *  - entropy: focus on the region with the highest Shannon entropy.
         *  - attention: focus on the region with the highest luminance frequency, colour saturation and presence of skin tones.
@@ -992,14 +983,6 @@ declare namespace sharp {
         *  'none' (least), 'truncated', 'error' or 'warning' (most), highers level imply lower levels, invalid metadata will always abort. (optional, default 'warning')
         */
        failOn?: FailOnOptions | undefined;
-        /**
-         * By default halt processing and raise an error when loading invalid images.
-         * Set this flag to false if you'd rather apply a "best effort" to decode images,
-         * even if the data is corrupt or invalid. (optional, default true)
-         *
-         * @deprecated Use `failOn` instead
-         */
-        failOnError?: boolean | undefined;
        /**
         * Do not process input images where the number of pixels (width x height) exceeds this limit.
         * Assumes image dimensions contained in the input metadata can be trusted.
@@ -1184,6 +1167,8 @@ declare namespace sharp {

    type HeifCompression = 'av1' | 'hevc';

+    type HeifTune = 'iq' | 'ssim' | 'psnr';
+
    type Unit = 'inch' | 'cm';

    interface WriteableMetadata {
@@ -1277,6 +1262,8 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        formatMagick?: string | undefined;
        /** Array of keyword/text pairs representing PNG text blocks, if present. */
        comments?: CommentsMetadata[] | undefined;
+        /** HDR gain map, if present */
+        gainMap?: GainMapMetadata | undefined;
    }

    interface LevelMetadata {
@@ -1289,16 +1276,21 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        text: string;
    }

+    interface GainMapMetadata {
+        /** JPEG image */
+        image: Buffer;
+    }
+
    interface Stats {
        /** Array of channel statistics for each channel in the image. */
        channels: ChannelStats[];
        /** Value to identify if the image is opaque or transparent, based on the presence and use of alpha channel */
        isOpaque: boolean;
-        /** Histogram-based estimation of greyscale entropy, discarding alpha channel if any (experimental) */
+        /** Histogram-based estimation of greyscale entropy, discarding alpha channel if any */
        entropy: number;
-        /** Estimation of greyscale sharpness based on the standard deviation of a Laplacian convolution, discarding alpha channel if any (experimental) */
+        /** Estimation of greyscale sharpness based on the standard deviation of a Laplacian convolution, discarding alpha channel if any */
        sharpness: number;
-        /** Object containing most dominant sRGB colour based on a 4096-bin 3D histogram (experimental) */
+        /** Object containing most dominant sRGB colour based on a 4096-bin 3D histogram */
        dominant: { r: number; g: number; b: number };
    }

@@ -1404,11 +1396,13 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        /** Level of CPU effort to reduce file size, integer 0-6 (optional, default 4) */
        effort?: number | undefined;
        /** Prevent use of animation key frames to minimise file size (slow) (optional, default false) */
-        minSize?: boolean;
+        minSize?: boolean | undefined;
        /** Allow mixture of lossy and lossless animation frames (slow) (optional, default false) */
-        mixed?: boolean;
+        mixed?: boolean | undefined;
        /** Preset options: one of default, photo, picture, drawing, icon, text (optional, default 'default') */
        preset?: keyof PresetEnum | undefined;
+        /** Preserve the colour data in transparent pixels (optional, default false) */
+        exact?: boolean | undefined;
    }

    interface AvifOptions extends OutputOptions {
@@ -1422,6 +1416,8 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        chromaSubsampling?: string | undefined;
        /** Set bitdepth to 8, 10 or 12 bit (optional, default 8) */
        bitdepth?: 8 | 10 | 12 | undefined;
+        /** Tune output for a quality metric, one of 'iq', 'ssim' or 'psnr' (optional, default 'iq') */
+        tune?: HeifTune | undefined;
    }

    interface HeifOptions extends OutputOptions {
@@ -1437,6 +1433,8 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        chromaSubsampling?: string | undefined;
        /** Set bitdepth to 8, 10 or 12 bit (optional, default 8) */
        bitdepth?: 8 | 10 | 12 | undefined;
+        /** Tune output for a quality metric, one of 'ssim', 'psnr' or 'iq' (optional, default 'ssim') */
+        tune?: HeifTune | undefined;
    }

    interface GifOptions extends OutputOptions, AnimationOptions {
@@ -1481,8 +1479,8 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        xres?: number | undefined;
        /** Vertical resolution in pixels/mm (optional, default 1.0) */
        yres?: number | undefined;
-        /** Reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit (optional, default 8) */
-        bitdepth?: 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | undefined;
+        /** Reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit (optional) */
+        bitdepth?: 1 | 2 | 4 | undefined;
        /** Write 1-bit images as miniswhite (optional, default false) */
        miniswhite?: boolean | undefined;
        /** Resolution unit options: inch, cm (optional, default 'inch') */
@@ -1608,6 +1606,8 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        threshold?: number | undefined;
        /** Does the input more closely resemble line art (e.g. vector) rather than being photographic? (optional, default false) */
        lineArt?: boolean | undefined;
+        /** Leave a margin around trimmed content, value is in pixels. (optional, default 0) */
+        margin?: number | undefined;
    }

    interface RawOptions {
@@ -1913,16 +1913,13 @@ declare namespace sharp {
    }

    interface FormatEnum {
-        avif: AvailableFormatInfo;
        dcraw: AvailableFormatInfo;
        dz: AvailableFormatInfo;
        exr: AvailableFormatInfo;
        fits: AvailableFormatInfo;
        gif: AvailableFormatInfo;
        heif: AvailableFormatInfo;
-        input: AvailableFormatInfo;
        jpeg: AvailableFormatInfo;
-        jpg: AvailableFormatInfo;
        jp2: AvailableFormatInfo;
        jxl: AvailableFormatInfo;
        magick: AvailableFormatInfo;
@@ -1934,8 +1931,7 @@ declare namespace sharp {
        raw: AvailableFormatInfo;
        svg: AvailableFormatInfo;
        tiff: AvailableFormatInfo;
-        tif: AvailableFormatInfo;
-        v: AvailableFormatInfo;
+        vips: AvailableFormatInfo;
        webp: AvailableFormatInfo;
    }

--- a/lib/input.js
+++ b/lib/input.js
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ const inputStreamParameters = [
  // Format-specific
  'jp2', 'openSlide', 'pdf', 'raw', 'svg', 'tiff',
  // Deprecated
-  'failOnError', 'openSlideLevel', 'pdfBackground', 'tiffSubifd'
+  'openSlideLevel', 'pdfBackground', 'tiffSubifd'
 ];

 /**
@@ -106,14 +106,6 @@ function _createInputDescriptor (input, inputOptions, containerOptions) {
    }`);
  }
  if (is.object(inputOptions)) {
-    // Deprecated: failOnError
-    if (is.defined(inputOptions.failOnError)) {
-      if (is.bool(inputOptions.failOnError)) {
-        inputDescriptor.failOn = inputOptions.failOnError ? 'warning' : 'none';
-      } else {
-        throw is.invalidParameterError('failOnError', 'boolean', inputOptions.failOnError);
-      }
-    }
    // failOn
    if (is.defined(inputOptions.failOn)) {
      if (is.string(inputOptions.failOn) && is.inArray(inputOptions.failOn, ['none', 'truncated', 'error', 'warning'])) {
@@ -607,6 +599,7 @@ function _isStreamInput () {
 * - `tifftagPhotoshop`: Buffer containing raw TIFFTAG_PHOTOSHOP data, if present
 * - `formatMagick`: String containing format for images loaded via *magick
 * - `comments`: Array of keyword/text pairs representing PNG text blocks, if present.
+ * - `gainMap.image`: HDR gain map, if present, as compressed JPEG image.
 *
 * @example
 * const metadata = await sharp(input).metadata();
--- a/lib/operation.js
+++ b/lib/operation.js
@@ -259,45 +259,18 @@ function affine (matrix, options) {
 *   })
 *   .toBuffer();
 *
- * @param {Object|number} [options] - if present, is an Object with attributes
+ * @param {Object} [options] - if present, is an Object with attributes
 * @param {number} [options.sigma] - the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`, between 0.000001 and 10
 * @param {number} [options.m1=1.0] - the level of sharpening to apply to "flat" areas, between 0 and 1000000
 * @param {number} [options.m2=2.0] - the level of sharpening to apply to "jagged" areas, between 0 and 1000000
 * @param {number} [options.x1=2.0] - threshold between "flat" and "jagged", between 0 and 1000000
 * @param {number} [options.y2=10.0] - maximum amount of brightening, between 0 and 1000000
 * @param {number} [options.y3=20.0] - maximum amount of darkening, between 0 and 1000000
- * @param {number} [flat] - (deprecated) see `options.m1`.
- * @param {number} [jagged] - (deprecated) see `options.m2`.
 * @returns {Sharp}
 * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
 */
-function sharpen (options, flat, jagged) {
-  if (!is.defined(options)) {
-    // No arguments: default to mild sharpen
-    this.options.sharpenSigma = -1;
-  } else if (is.bool(options)) {
-    // Deprecated boolean argument: apply mild sharpen?
-    this.options.sharpenSigma = options ? -1 : 0;
-  } else if (is.number(options) && is.inRange(options, 0.01, 10000)) {
-    // Deprecated numeric argument: specific sigma
-    this.options.sharpenSigma = options;
-    // Deprecated control over flat areas
-    if (is.defined(flat)) {
-      if (is.number(flat) && is.inRange(flat, 0, 10000)) {
-        this.options.sharpenM1 = flat;
-      } else {
-        throw is.invalidParameterError('flat', 'number between 0 and 10000', flat);
-      }
-    }
-    // Deprecated control over jagged areas
-    if (is.defined(jagged)) {
-      if (is.number(jagged) && is.inRange(jagged, 0, 10000)) {
-        this.options.sharpenM2 = jagged;
-      } else {
-        throw is.invalidParameterError('jagged', 'number between 0 and 10000', jagged);
-      }
-    }
-  } else if (is.plainObject(options)) {
+function sharpen (options) {
+  if (is.plainObject(options)) {
    if (is.number(options.sigma) && is.inRange(options.sigma, 0.000001, 10)) {
      this.options.sharpenSigma = options.sigma;
    } else {
@@ -339,7 +312,7 @@ function sharpen (options, flat, jagged) {
      }
    }
  } else {
-    throw is.invalidParameterError('sigma', 'number between 0.01 and 10000', options);
+    this.options.sharpenSigma = -1;
  }
  return this;
 }
@@ -510,8 +483,6 @@ function flatten (options) {
 *
 * Existing alpha channel values for non-white pixels remain unchanged.
 *
- * This feature is experimental and the API may change.
- *
 * @since 0.32.1
 *
 * @example
--- a/lib/output.js
+++ b/lib/output.js
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ function toFile (fileOut, callback) {
    err = new Error('Missing output file path');
  } else if (is.string(this.options.input.file) && path.resolve(this.options.input.file) === path.resolve(fileOut)) {
    err = new Error('Cannot use same file for input and output');
-  } else if (jp2Regex.test(path.extname(fileOut)) && !this.constructor.format.jp2k.output.file) {
+  } else if (jp2Regex.test(path.extname(fileOut)) && !this.constructor.format.jp2.output.file) {
    err = errJp2Save();
  }
  if (err) {
@@ -164,6 +164,41 @@ function toBuffer (options, callback) {
  return this._pipeline(is.fn(options) ? options : callback, stack);
 }

+/**
+ * Write output to a `Uint8Array` backed by a transferable `ArrayBuffer`.
+ * JPEG, PNG, WebP, AVIF, TIFF, GIF and raw pixel data output are supported.
+ *
+ * Use {@link #toformat toFormat} or one of the format-specific functions such as {@link #jpeg jpeg}, {@link #png png} etc. to set the output format.
+ *
+ * If no explicit format is set, the output format will match the input image, except SVG input which becomes PNG output.
+ *
+ * By default all metadata will be removed, which includes EXIF-based orientation.
+ * See {@link #keepexif keepExif} and similar methods for control over this.
+ *
+ * Resolves with an `Object` containing:
+ * - `data` is the output image as a `Uint8Array` backed by a transferable `ArrayBuffer`.
+ * - `info` contains properties relating to the output image such as `width` and `height`.
+ *
+ * @since v0.35.0
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const { data, info } = await sharp(input).toUint8Array();
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const { data } = await sharp(input)
+ *   .avif()
+ *   .toUint8Array();
+ * const base64String = data.toBase64();
+ *
+ * @returns {Promise<{ data: Uint8Array, info: Object }>}
+ */
+function toUint8Array () {
+  this.options.resolveWithObject = true;
+  this.options.typedArrayOut = true;
+  const stack = Error();
+  return this._pipeline(null, stack);
+}
+
 /**
 * Keep all EXIF metadata from the input image in the output image.
 *
@@ -319,6 +354,30 @@ function withIccProfile (icc, options) {
  return this;
 }

+/**
+ * If the input contains gain map metadata, use it to convert the main image to HDR (High Dynamic Range) before further processing.
+ * The input gain map is discarded.
+ *
+ * If the output is JPEG, generate and attach a new ISO 21496-1 gain map.
+ * JPEG output options other than `quality` are ignored.
+ *
+ * This feature is experimental and the API may change.
+ *
+ * @since 0.35.0
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const outputWithGainMap = await sharp(inputWithGainMap)
+ *   .withGainMap()
+ *   .toBuffer();
+ *
+ * @returns {Sharp}
+ */
+function withGainMap() {
+  this.options.withGainMap = true;
+  this.options.colourspace = 'scrgb';
+  return this;
+}
+
 /**
 * Keep XMP metadata from the input image in the output image.
 *
@@ -690,6 +749,7 @@ function png (options) {
 * @param {number|number[]} [options.delay] - delay(s) between animation frames (in milliseconds)
 * @param {boolean} [options.minSize=false] - prevent use of animation key frames to minimise file size (slow)
 * @param {boolean} [options.mixed=false] - allow mixture of lossy and lossless animation frames (slow)
+ * @param {boolean} [options.exact=false] - preserve the colour data in transparent pixels
 * @param {boolean} [options.force=true] - force WebP output, otherwise attempt to use input format
 * @returns {Sharp}
 * @throws {Error} Invalid options
@@ -742,6 +802,9 @@ function webp (options) {
    if (is.defined(options.mixed)) {
      this._setBooleanOption('webpMixed', options.mixed);
    }
+    if (is.defined(options.exact)) {
+      this._setBooleanOption('webpExact', options.exact);
+    }
  }
  trySetAnimationOptions(options, this.options);
  return this._updateFormatOut('webp', options);
@@ -887,7 +950,7 @@ function gif (options) {
 */
 function jp2 (options) {
  /* node:coverage ignore next 41 */
-  if (!this.constructor.format.jp2k.output.buffer) {
+  if (!this.constructor.format.jp2.output.buffer) {
    throw errJp2Save();
  }
  if (is.object(options)) {
@@ -992,7 +1055,7 @@ function trySetAnimationOptions (source, target) {
 * @param {number} [options.xres=1.0] - horizontal resolution in pixels/mm
 * @param {number} [options.yres=1.0] - vertical resolution in pixels/mm
 * @param {string} [options.resolutionUnit='inch'] - resolution unit options: inch, cm
- * @param {number} [options.bitdepth=8] - reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit
+ * @param {number} [options.bitdepth=0] - reduce bitdepth to 1, 2 or 4 bit
 * @param {boolean} [options.miniswhite=false] - write 1-bit images as miniswhite
 * @returns {Sharp}
 * @throws {Error} Invalid options
@@ -1007,10 +1070,10 @@ function tiff (options) {
      }
    }
    if (is.defined(options.bitdepth)) {
-      if (is.integer(options.bitdepth) && is.inArray(options.bitdepth, [1, 2, 4, 8])) {
+      if (is.integer(options.bitdepth) && is.inArray(options.bitdepth, [1, 2, 4])) {
        this.options.tiffBitdepth = options.bitdepth;
      } else {
-        throw is.invalidParameterError('bitdepth', '1, 2, 4 or 8', options.bitdepth);
+        throw is.invalidParameterError('bitdepth', '1, 2 or 4', options.bitdepth);
      }
    }
    // tiling
@@ -1092,8 +1155,7 @@ function tiff (options) {
 * AVIF image sequences are not supported.
 * Prebuilt binaries support a bitdepth of 8 only.
 *
- * This feature is experimental on the Windows ARM64 platform
- * and requires a CPU with ARM64v8.4 or later.
+ * When using Windows ARM64, this feature requires a CPU with ARM64v8.4 or later.
 *
 * @example
 * const data = await sharp(input)
@@ -1113,11 +1175,13 @@ function tiff (options) {
 * @param {number} [options.effort=4] - CPU effort, between 0 (fastest) and 9 (slowest)
 * @param {string} [options.chromaSubsampling='4:4:4'] - set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling
 * @param {number} [options.bitdepth=8] - set bitdepth to 8, 10 or 12 bit
+ * @param {string} [options.tune='iq'] - tune output for a quality metric, one of 'iq' (default), 'ssim' (default when lossless) or 'psnr'
 * @returns {Sharp}
 * @throws {Error} Invalid options
 */
 function avif (options) {
-  return this.heif({ ...options, compression: 'av1' });
+  const tune = is.object(options) && is.defined(options.tune) ? options.tune : 'iq';
+  return this.heif({ ...options, compression: 'av1', tune });
 }

 /**
@@ -1140,6 +1204,7 @@ function avif (options) {
 * @param {number} [options.effort=4] - CPU effort, between 0 (fastest) and 9 (slowest)
 * @param {string} [options.chromaSubsampling='4:4:4'] - set to '4:2:0' to use chroma subsampling
 * @param {number} [options.bitdepth=8] - set bitdepth to 8, 10 or 12 bit
+ * @param {string} [options.tune='ssim'] - tune output for a quality metric, one of 'ssim' (default), 'psnr' or 'iq'
 * @returns {Sharp}
 * @throws {Error} Invalid options
 */
@@ -1188,6 +1253,17 @@ function heif (options) {
        throw is.invalidParameterError('bitdepth', '8, 10 or 12', options.bitdepth);
      }
    }
+    if (is.defined(options.tune)) {
+      if (is.string(options.tune) && is.inArray(options.tune, ['iq', 'ssim', 'psnr'])) {
+        if (this.options.heifLossless && options.tune === 'iq') {
+          this.options.heifTune = 'ssim';
+        } else {
+          this.options.heifTune = options.tune;
+        }
+      } else {
+        throw is.invalidParameterError('tune', 'one of: psnr, ssim, iq', options.tune);
+      }
+    }
  } else {
    throw is.invalidParameterError('options', 'Object', options);
  }
@@ -1635,11 +1711,13 @@ module.exports = (Sharp) => {
    // Public
    toFile,
    toBuffer,
+    toUint8Array,
    keepExif,
    withExif,
    withExifMerge,
    keepIccProfile,
    withIccProfile,
+    withGainMap,
    keepXmp,
    withXmp,
    keepMetadata,
--- a/lib/resize.js
+++ b/lib/resize.js
@@ -540,10 +540,19 @@ function extract (options) {
 *   })
 *   .toBuffer();
 *
+ * @example
+ * // Trim image leaving (up to) a 10 pixel margin around the trimmed content.
+ * const output = await sharp(input)
+ *   .trim({
+ *     margin: 10
+ *   })
+ *   .toBuffer();
+ *
 * @param {Object} [options]
 * @param {string|Object} [options.background='top-left pixel'] - Background colour, parsed by the [color](https://www.npmjs.org/package/color) module, defaults to that of the top-left pixel.
 * @param {number} [options.threshold=10] - Allowed difference from the above colour, a positive number.
 * @param {boolean} [options.lineArt=false] - Does the input more closely resemble line art (e.g. vector) rather than being photographic?
+ * @param {number} [options.margin=0] - Leave a margin around trimmed content, value is in pixels.
 * @returns {Sharp}
 * @throws {Error} Invalid parameters
 */
@@ -564,6 +573,13 @@ function trim (options) {
      if (is.defined(options.lineArt)) {
        this._setBooleanOption('trimLineArt', options.lineArt);
      }
+      if (is.defined(options.margin)) {
+        if (is.integer(options.margin) && options.margin >= 0) {
+          this.options.trimMargin = options.margin;
+        } else {
+          throw is.invalidParameterError('margin', 'positive integer', options.margin);
+        }
+      }
    } else {
      throw is.invalidParameterError('trim', 'object', options);
    }
--- a/lib/sharp.js
+++ b/lib/sharp.js
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@

 const { familySync, versionSync } = require('detect-libc');

+const { version } = require('../package.json');
 const { runtimePlatformArch, isUnsupportedNodeRuntime, prebuiltPlatforms, minimumLibvipsVersion } = require('./libvips');
 const runtimePlatform = runtimePlatformArch();

 const paths = [
-  `../src/build/Release/sharp-${runtimePlatform}.node`,
-  '../src/build/Release/sharp-wasm32.node',
+  `../src/build/Release/sharp-${runtimePlatform}-${version}.node`,
+  `../src/build/Release/sharp-wasm32-${version}.node`,
  `@img/sharp-${runtimePlatform}/sharp.node`,
  '@img/sharp-wasm32/sharp.node'
 ];
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ if (sharp) {
  } else {
    help.push(
      `- Manually install libvips >= ${minimumLibvipsVersion}`,
+      '    See https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install#building-from-source',
      '- Add experimental WebAssembly-based dependencies:',
      '    npm install --cpu=wasm32 sharp',
      '    npm install @img/sharp-wasm32'
--- a/lib/utility.js
+++ b/lib/utility.js
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ const format = sharp.format();
 format.heif.output.alias = ['avif', 'heic'];
 format.jpeg.output.alias = ['jpe', 'jpg'];
 format.tiff.output.alias = ['tif'];
-format.jp2k.output.alias = ['j2c', 'j2k', 'jp2', 'jpx'];
+format.jp2.output.alias = ['j2c', 'j2k', 'jp2', 'jpx'];

 /**
 * An Object containing the available interpolators and their proper values
--- a/npm/darwin-arm64/package.json
+++ b/npm/darwin-arm64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-darwin-arm64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with macOS 64-bit ARM",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-arm64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-arm64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-darwin-arm64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "os": [
    "darwin"
--- a/npm/darwin-x64/package.json
+++ b/npm/darwin-x64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-darwin-x64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with macOS x64",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-x64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-x64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-darwin-x64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "os": [
    "darwin"
--- a/npm/from-local-build.js
+++ b/npm/from-local-build.js
@@ -44,9 +44,10 @@ cpSync(releaseDir, libDir, {
  }
 });

-// Generate README
-const { name, description } = require(`./${platform}/package.json`);
+// Generate README and index.cjs
+const { version, name, description } = require(`./${platform}/package.json`);
 writeFileSync(join(destDir, 'README.md'), `# \`${name}\`\n\n${description}.\n${licensing}`);
+writeFileSync(join(destDir, 'index.cjs'), `module.exports = require('./lib/sharp-${platform}-${version}.node');`);

 // Copy Apache-2.0 LICENSE
 copyFileSync(join(__dirname, '..', 'LICENSE'), join(destDir, 'LICENSE'));
--- a/npm/linux-arm/package.json
+++ b/npm/linux-arm/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linux-arm",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (glibc) ARM (32-bit)",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linux-arm.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "glibc": ">=2.31"
--- a/npm/linux-arm64/package.json
+++ b/npm/linux-arm64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linux-arm64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (glibc) 64-bit ARM",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linux-arm64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "glibc": ">=2.26"
--- a/npm/linux-ppc64/package.json
+++ b/npm/linux-ppc64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linux-ppc64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (glibc) ppc64",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linux-ppc64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "glibc": ">=2.36"
--- a/npm/linux-riscv64/package.json
+++ b/npm/linux-riscv64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linux-riscv64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (glibc) RISC-V 64-bit",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linux-riscv64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "glibc": ">=2.41"
--- a/npm/linux-s390x/package.json
+++ b/npm/linux-s390x/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linux-s390x",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (glibc) s390x",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linux-s390x.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "glibc": ">=2.36"
--- a/npm/linux-x64/package.json
+++ b/npm/linux-x64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linux-x64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (glibc) x64",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linux-x64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "glibc": ">=2.26"
--- a/npm/linuxmusl-arm64/package.json
+++ b/npm/linuxmusl-arm64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (musl) 64-bit ARM",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "musl": ">=1.2.2"
--- a/npm/linuxmusl-x64/package.json
+++ b/npm/linuxmusl-x64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Linux (musl) x64",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.2.4"
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.3.0-rc.2"
  },
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib"
  ],
  "publishConfig": {
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-linuxmusl-x64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
    "musl": ">=1.2.2"
--- a/npm/package.json
+++ b/npm/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "private": "true",
  "workspaces": [
    "darwin-arm64",
--- a/npm/wasm32/package.json
+++ b/npm/wasm32/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-wasm32",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with wasm32",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-wasm32.node.js",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json",
    "./versions": "./versions.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "dependencies": {
-    "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.7.0"
+    "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.7.1"
  },
  "cpu": [
    "wasm32"
--- a/npm/win32-arm64/package.json
+++ b/npm/win32-arm64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-win32-arm64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Windows 64-bit ARM",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib",
    "versions.json"
  ],
@@ -23,12 +24,12 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-win32-arm64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json",
    "./versions": "./versions.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "os": [
    "win32"
--- a/npm/win32-ia32/package.json
+++ b/npm/win32-ia32/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-win32-ia32",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
-  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Windows x86 (32-bit)",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Windows x86 (deprecated)",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
  "repository": {
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib",
    "versions.json"
  ],
@@ -23,12 +24,12 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-win32-ia32.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json",
    "./versions": "./versions.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": "^20.9.0"
  },
  "os": [
    "win32"
--- a/npm/win32-x64/package.json
+++ b/npm/win32-x64/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
  "name": "@img/sharp-win32-x64",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "description": "Prebuilt sharp for use with Windows x64",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  },
  "preferUnplugged": true,
  "files": [
+    "index.cjs",
    "lib",
    "versions.json"
  ],
@@ -23,12 +24,12 @@
  },
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": {
-    "./sharp.node": "./lib/sharp-win32-x64.node",
+    "./sharp.node": "./index.cjs",
    "./package": "./package.json",
    "./versions": "./versions.json"
  },
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "os": [
    "win32"
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
  "name": "sharp",
  "description": "High performance Node.js image processing, the fastest module to resize JPEG, PNG, WebP, GIF, AVIF and TIFF images",
-  "version": "0.34.5",
+  "version": "0.35.0-rc.0",
  "author": "Lovell Fuller <npm@lovell.info>",
  "homepage": "https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com",
  "contributors": [
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@
    "Lachlan Newman <lachnewman007@gmail.com>",
    "Dennis Beatty <dennis@dcbeatty.com>",
    "Ingvar Stepanyan <me@rreverser.com>",
-    "Don Denton <don@happycollision.com>"
+    "Don Denton <don@happycollision.com>",
+    "Dmytro Tiapukhin <cool.gegeg@gmail.com>"
  ],
  "scripts": {
    "build": "node install/build.js",
-    "install": "node install/check.js || npm run build",
-    "clean": "rm -rf src/build/ .nyc_output/ coverage/ test/fixtures/output.*",
+    "clean": "rm -rf src/build/ test/fixtures/output.*",
    "test": "npm run lint && npm run test-unit",
    "lint": "npm run lint-cpp && npm run lint-js && npm run lint-types",
    "lint-cpp": "cpplint --quiet src/*.h src/*.cc",
@@ -144,57 +144,56 @@
    "semver": "^7.7.3"
  },
  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "@img/sharp-darwin-arm64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-darwin-x64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-arm64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-x64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-linux-arm": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-linux-arm64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-linux-ppc64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-linux-riscv64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-linux-s390x": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-linux-x64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-wasm32": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-win32-arm64": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-win32-ia32": "0.34.5",
-    "@img/sharp-win32-x64": "0.34.5"
+    "@img/sharp-darwin-arm64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-darwin-x64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-arm64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-x64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-linux-arm": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-linux-arm64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-linux-ppc64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-linux-riscv64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-linux-s390x": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-linux-x64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-wasm32": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-win32-arm64": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-win32-ia32": "0.35.0-rc.0",
+    "@img/sharp-win32-x64": "0.35.0-rc.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
-    "@biomejs/biome": "^2.3.4",
+    "@biomejs/biome": "^2.3.10",
    "@cpplint/cli": "^0.1.0",
-    "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.7.0",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-dev": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-dev-wasm32": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-win32-arm64": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-win32-ia32": "1.2.4",
-    "@img/sharp-libvips-win32-x64": "1.2.4",
+    "@emnapi/runtime": "^1.7.1",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-dev": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-dev-wasm32": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-win32-arm64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-win32-ia32": "1.3.0-rc.2",
+    "@img/sharp-libvips-win32-x64": "1.3.0-rc.2",
    "@types/node": "*",
-    "emnapi": "^1.7.0",
-    "exif-reader": "^2.0.2",
+    "emnapi": "^1.7.1",
+    "exif-reader": "^2.0.3",
    "extract-zip": "^2.0.1",
    "icc": "^3.0.0",
-    "jsdoc-to-markdown": "^9.1.3",
    "node-addon-api": "^8.5.0",
-    "node-gyp": "^11.5.0",
+    "node-gyp": "^12.1.0",
    "tar-fs": "^3.1.1",
    "tsd": "^0.33.0"
  },
  "license": "Apache-2.0",
  "engines": {
-    "node": "^18.17.0 || ^20.3.0 || >=21.0.0"
+    "node": ">=20.9.0"
  },
  "config": {
-    "libvips": ">=8.17.3"
+    "libvips": ">=8.18.0"
  },
  "funding": {
    "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
--- a/src/binding.gyp
+++ b/src/binding.gyp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  'variables': {
    'vips_version': '<!(node -p "require(\'../lib/libvips\').minimumLibvipsVersion")',
    'platform_and_arch': '<!(node -p "require(\'../lib/libvips\').buildPlatformArch()")',
+    'sharp_version': '<!(node -p "require(\'../package.json\').version")',
    'sharp_libvips_version': '<!(node -p "require(\'../package.json\').optionalDependencies[\'@img/sharp-libvips-<(platform_and_arch)\']")',
    'sharp_libvips_yarn_locator': '<!(node -p "require(\'../lib/libvips\').yarnLocator()")',
    'sharp_libvips_include_dir': '<!(node -p "require(\'../lib/libvips\').buildSharpLibvipsIncludeDir()")',
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@
        'defines': [
          '_VIPS_PUBLIC=__declspec(dllexport)',
          '_ALLOW_KEYWORD_MACROS',
+          '_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=1',
          'G_DISABLE_ASSERT',
          'G_DISABLE_CAST_CHECKS',
          'G_DISABLE_CHECKS'
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@
      }]
    ]
  }, {
-    'target_name': 'sharp-<(platform_and_arch)',
+    'target_name': 'sharp-<(platform_and_arch)-<(sharp_version)',
    'defines': [
      'G_DISABLE_ASSERT',
      'G_DISABLE_CAST_CHECKS',
@@ -147,7 +149,8 @@
          ['OS == "win"', {
            'defines': [
              '_ALLOW_KEYWORD_MACROS',
-              '_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64'
+              '_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64',
+              '_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=1'
            ],
            'link_settings': {
              'libraries': [
@@ -282,7 +285,7 @@
    'target_name': 'copy-dll',
    'type': 'none',
    'dependencies': [
-      'sharp-<(platform_and_arch)'
+      'sharp-<(platform_and_arch)-<(sharp_version)'
    ],
    'conditions': [
      ['OS == "win"', {
--- a/src/common.cc
+++ b/src/common.cc
@@ -289,6 +289,7 @@ namespace sharp {
      case ImageType::JXL: id = "jxl"; break;
      case ImageType::RAD: id = "rad"; break;
      case ImageType::DCRAW: id = "dcraw"; break;
+      case ImageType::UHDR: id = "uhdr"; break;
      case ImageType::VIPS: id = "vips"; break;
      case ImageType::RAW: id = "raw"; break;
      case ImageType::UNKNOWN: id = "unknown"; break;
@@ -339,6 +340,9 @@ namespace sharp {
    { "VipsForeignLoadRadBuffer", ImageType::RAD },
    { "VipsForeignLoadDcRawFile", ImageType::DCRAW },
    { "VipsForeignLoadDcRawBuffer", ImageType::DCRAW },
+    { "VipsForeignLoadUhdr", ImageType::UHDR },
+    { "VipsForeignLoadUhdrFile", ImageType::UHDR },
+    { "VipsForeignLoadUhdrBuffer", ImageType::UHDR },
    { "VipsForeignLoadVips", ImageType::VIPS },
    { "VipsForeignLoadVipsFile", ImageType::VIPS },
    { "VipsForeignLoadRaw", ImageType::RAW }
@@ -356,6 +360,9 @@ namespace sharp {
        imageType = it->second;
      }
    }
+    if (imageType == ImageType::UHDR) {
+      imageType = ImageType::JPEG;
+    }
    return imageType;
  }

@@ -375,6 +382,9 @@ namespace sharp {
        imageType = ImageType::MISSING;
      }
    }
+    if (imageType == ImageType::UHDR) {
+      imageType = ImageType::JPEG;
+    }
    return imageType;
  }

@@ -416,7 +426,7 @@ namespace sharp {
    }
    if (ImageTypeSupportsPage(imageType)) {
      option->set("n", descriptor->pages);
-      option->set("page", descriptor->page);
+      option->set("page", std::max(0, descriptor->page));
    }
    switch (imageType) {
      case ImageType::SVG:
@@ -446,6 +456,22 @@ namespace sharp {
    return option;
  }

+  /*
+    Should HEIF image be re-opened using the primary item?
+  */
+  static bool HeifPrimaryPageReopen(VImage image, InputDescriptor *descriptor) {
+    if (image.get_typeof(VIPS_META_N_PAGES) == G_TYPE_INT && image.get_typeof("heif-primary") == G_TYPE_INT) {
+      if (image.get_int(VIPS_META_N_PAGES) > 1 && descriptor->pages == 1 && descriptor->page == -1) {
+        int const pagePrimary = image.get_int("heif-primary");
+        if (pagePrimary != 0) {
+          descriptor->page = pagePrimary;
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
  /*
    Open an image from the given InputDescriptor (filesystem, compressed buffer, raw pixel data)
  */
@@ -480,12 +506,15 @@ namespace sharp {
            image = VImage::new_from_buffer(descriptor->buffer, descriptor->bufferLength, nullptr, option);
            if (imageType == ImageType::SVG || imageType == ImageType::PDF || imageType == ImageType::MAGICK) {
              image = SetDensity(image, descriptor->density);
+            } else if (imageType == ImageType::HEIF && HeifPrimaryPageReopen(image, descriptor)) {
+              option = GetOptionsForImageType(imageType, descriptor);
+              image = VImage::new_from_buffer(descriptor->buffer, descriptor->bufferLength, nullptr, option);
            }
-          } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
-            throw vips::VError(std::string("Input buffer has corrupt header: ") + err.what());
+          } catch (std::runtime_error const &err) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Input buffer has corrupt header: ") + err.what());
          }
        } else {
-          throw vips::VError("Input buffer contains unsupported image format");
+          throw std::runtime_error("Input buffer contains unsupported image format");
        }
      }
    } else {
@@ -556,10 +585,10 @@ namespace sharp {
        imageType = DetermineImageType(descriptor->file.data());
        if (imageType == ImageType::MISSING) {
          if (descriptor->file.find("<svg") != std::string::npos) {
-            throw vips::VError("Input file is missing, did you mean "
+            throw std::runtime_error("Input file is missing, did you mean "
              "sharp(Buffer.from('" + descriptor->file.substr(0, 8) + "...')?");
          }
-          throw vips::VError("Input file is missing: " + descriptor->file);
+          throw std::runtime_error("Input file is missing: " + descriptor->file);
        }
        if (imageType != ImageType::UNKNOWN) {
          try {
@@ -567,12 +596,15 @@ namespace sharp {
            image = VImage::new_from_file(descriptor->file.data(), option);
            if (imageType == ImageType::SVG || imageType == ImageType::PDF || imageType == ImageType::MAGICK) {
              image = SetDensity(image, descriptor->density);
+            } else if (imageType == ImageType::HEIF && HeifPrimaryPageReopen(image, descriptor)) {
+              option = GetOptionsForImageType(imageType, descriptor);
+              image = VImage::new_from_file(descriptor->file.data(), option);
            }
-          } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
-            throw vips::VError(std::string("Input file has corrupt header: ") + err.what());
+          } catch (std::runtime_error const &err) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Input file has corrupt header: ") + err.what());
          }
        } else {
-          throw vips::VError("Input file contains unsupported image format");
+          throw std::runtime_error("Input file contains unsupported image format");
        }
      }
    }
@@ -580,7 +612,7 @@ namespace sharp {
    // Limit input images to a given number of pixels, where pixels = width * height
    if (descriptor->limitInputPixels > 0 &&
      static_cast<uint64_t>(image.width()) * image.height() > descriptor->limitInputPixels) {
-      throw vips::VError("Input image exceeds pixel limit");
+      throw std::runtime_error("Input image exceeds pixel limit");
    }
    return std::make_tuple(image, imageType);
  }
@@ -756,19 +788,19 @@ namespace sharp {
      : image.height();
    if (imageType == ImageType::JPEG) {
      if (image.width() > 65535 || height > 65535) {
-        throw vips::VError("Processed image is too large for the JPEG format");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Processed image is too large for the JPEG format");
      }
    } else if (imageType == ImageType::WEBP) {
      if (image.width() > 16383 || height > 16383) {
-        throw vips::VError("Processed image is too large for the WebP format");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Processed image is too large for the WebP format");
      }
    } else if (imageType == ImageType::GIF) {
      if (image.width() > 65535 || height > 65535) {
-        throw vips::VError("Processed image is too large for the GIF format");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Processed image is too large for the GIF format");
      }
    } else if (imageType == ImageType::HEIF) {
      if (image.width() > 16384 || height > 16384) {
-        throw vips::VError("Processed image is too large for the HEIF format");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Processed image is too large for the HEIF format");
      }
    }
  }
@@ -1127,4 +1159,20 @@ namespace sharp {
    }
    return image;
  }
+
+  /*
+    Does this image have a gain map?
+  */
+  bool HasGainMap(VImage image) {
+    return image.get_typeof("gainmap-data") == VIPS_TYPE_BLOB;
+  }
+
+  /*
+    Removes gain map, if any.
+  */
+  VImage RemoveGainMap(VImage image) {
+    VImage copy = image.copy();
+    copy.remove("gainmap-data");
+    return copy;
+  }
 }  // namespace sharp
--- a/src/common.h
+++ b/src/common.h
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 // Verify platform and compiler compatibility

 #if (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION < 8) || \
-  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION < 17) || \
-  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION == 17 && VIPS_MICRO_VERSION < 3)
-#error "libvips version 8.17.3+ is required - please see https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install"
+  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION < 18) || \
+  (VIPS_MAJOR_VERSION == 8 && VIPS_MINOR_VERSION == 18 && VIPS_MICRO_VERSION < 0)
+#error "libvips version 8.18.0+ is required - please see https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install"
 #endif

 #if defined(__has_include)
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ namespace sharp {
      rawPremultiplied(false),
      rawPageHeight(0),
      pages(1),
-      page(0),
+      page(-1),
      createChannels(0),
      createWidth(0),
      createHeight(0),
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ namespace sharp {
    JXL,
    RAD,
    DCRAW,
+    UHDR,
    VIPS,
    RAW,
    UNKNOWN,
@@ -397,6 +398,16 @@ namespace sharp {
  */
  VImage StaySequential(VImage image, bool condition = true);

+  /*
+    Does this image have a gain map?
+  */
+  bool HasGainMap(VImage image);
+
+  /*
+    Removes gain map, if any.
+  */
+  VImage RemoveGainMap(VImage image);
+
 }  // namespace sharp

 #endif  // SRC_COMMON_H_
--- a/src/metadata.cc
+++ b/src/metadata.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class MetadataWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
    sharp::ImageType imageType = sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN;
    try {
      std::tie(image, imageType) = OpenInput(baton->input);
-    } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
+    } catch (std::runtime_error const &err) {
      (baton->err).append(err.what());
    }
    if (imageType != sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN) {
@@ -141,6 +141,14 @@ class MetadataWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
        memcpy(baton->tifftagPhotoshop, tifftagPhotoshop, tifftagPhotoshopLength);
        baton->tifftagPhotoshopLength = tifftagPhotoshopLength;
      }
+      // Gain Map
+      if (image.get_typeof("gainmap-data") == VIPS_TYPE_BLOB) {
+        size_t gainMapLength;
+        void const *gainMap = image.get_blob("gainmap-data", &gainMapLength);
+        baton->gainMap = static_cast<char *>(g_malloc(gainMapLength));
+        memcpy(baton->gainMap, gainMap, gainMapLength);
+        baton->gainMapLength = gainMapLength;
+      }
      // PNG comments
      vips_image_map(image.get_image(), readPNGComment, &baton->comments);
    }
@@ -182,10 +190,6 @@ class MetadataWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
      info.Set("isPalette", baton->isPalette);
      if (baton->bitsPerSample > 0) {
        info.Set("bitsPerSample", baton->bitsPerSample);
-        if (baton->isPalette) {
-          // Deprecated, remove with libvips 8.17.0
-          info.Set("paletteBitDepth", baton->bitsPerSample);
-        }
      }
      if (baton->pages > 0) {
        info.Set("pages", baton->pages);
@@ -276,6 +280,12 @@ class MetadataWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
          Napi::Buffer<char>::NewOrCopy(env, baton->tifftagPhotoshop,
            baton->tifftagPhotoshopLength, sharp::FreeCallback));
      }
+      if (baton->gainMapLength > 0) {
+        Napi::Object gainMap = Napi::Object::New(env);
+        info.Set("gainMap", gainMap);
+        gainMap.Set("image",
+          Napi::Buffer<char>::NewOrCopy(env, baton->gainMap, baton->gainMapLength, sharp::FreeCallback));
+      }
      if (baton->comments.size() > 0) {
        int i = 0;
        Napi::Array comments = Napi::Array::New(env, baton->comments.size());
--- a/src/metadata.h
+++ b/src/metadata.h
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ struct MetadataBaton {
  size_t xmpLength;
  char *tifftagPhotoshop;
  size_t tifftagPhotoshopLength;
+  char *gainMap;
+  size_t gainMapLength;
  MetadataComments comments;
  std::string err;

@@ -82,7 +84,9 @@ struct MetadataBaton {
    xmp(nullptr),
    xmpLength(0),
    tifftagPhotoshop(nullptr),
-    tifftagPhotoshopLength(0) {}
+    tifftagPhotoshopLength(0),
+    gainMap(nullptr),
+    gainMapLength(0) {}
 };

 Napi::Value metadata(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info);
--- a/src/operations.cc
+++ b/src/operations.cc
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 #include "./operations.h"

 using vips::VImage;
-using vips::VError;

 namespace sharp {
  /*
@@ -285,9 +284,9 @@ namespace sharp {
  /*
    Trim an image
  */
-  VImage Trim(VImage image, std::vector<double> background, double threshold, bool const lineArt) {
+  VImage Trim(VImage image, std::vector<double> background, double threshold, bool const lineArt, int const margin) {
    if (image.width() < 3 && image.height() < 3) {
-      throw VError("Image to trim must be at least 3x3 pixels");
+      throw std::runtime_error("Image to trim must be at least 3x3 pixels");
    }
    if (background.size() == 0) {
      // Top-left pixel provides the default background colour if none is given
@@ -320,18 +319,36 @@ namespace sharp {
      if (widthA > 0 && heightA > 0) {
        if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
          // Combined bounding box (B)
-          int const leftB = std::min(left, leftA);
-          int const topB = std::min(top, topA);
-          int const widthB = std::max(left + width, leftA + widthA) - leftB;
-          int const heightB = std::max(top + height, topA + heightA) - topB;
+          int leftB = std::min(left, leftA);
+          int topB = std::min(top, topA);
+          int widthB = std::max(left + width, leftA + widthA) - leftB;
+          int heightB = std::max(top + height, topA + heightA) - topB;
+          if (margin > 0) {
+            leftB = std::max(0, leftB - margin);
+            topB = std::max(0, topB - margin);
+            widthB = std::min(image.width() - leftB, widthB + 2 * margin);
+            heightB = std::min(image.height() - topB, heightB + 2 * margin);
+          }
          return image.extract_area(leftB, topB, widthB, heightB);
        } else {
          // Use alpha only
+          if (margin > 0) {
+            leftA = std::max(0, leftA - margin);
+            topA = std::max(0, topA - margin);
+            widthA = std::min(image.width() - leftA, widthA + 2 * margin);
+            heightA = std::min(image.height() - topA, heightA + 2 * margin);
+          }
          return image.extract_area(leftA, topA, widthA, heightA);
        }
      }
    }
    if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
+      if (margin > 0) {
+        left = std::max(0, left - margin);
+        top = std::max(0, top - margin);
+        width = std::min(image.width() - left, width + 2 * margin);
+        height = std::min(image.height() - top, height + 2 * margin);
+      }
      return image.extract_area(left, top, width, height);
    }
    return image;
@@ -343,7 +360,7 @@ namespace sharp {
  VImage Linear(VImage image, std::vector<double> const a, std::vector<double> const b) {
    size_t const bands = static_cast<size_t>(image.bands());
    if (a.size() > bands) {
-      throw VError("Band expansion using linear is unsupported");
+      throw std::runtime_error("Band expansion using linear is unsupported");
    }
    bool const uchar = !Is16Bit(image.interpretation());
    if (image.has_alpha() && a.size() != bands && (a.size() == 1 || a.size() == bands - 1 || bands - 1 == 1)) {
--- a/src/operations.h
+++ b/src/operations.h
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ namespace sharp {
  /*
    Trim an image
  */
-  VImage Trim(VImage image, std::vector<double> background, double threshold, bool const lineArt);
+  VImage Trim(VImage image, std::vector<double> background, double threshold, bool const lineArt, int const margin);

  /*
   * Linear adjustment (a * in + b)
--- a/src/pipeline.cc
+++ b/src/pipeline.cc
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
      if (nPages == -1) {
        // Resolve the number of pages if we need to render until the end of the document
        nPages = image.get_typeof(VIPS_META_N_PAGES) != 0
-          ? image.get_int(VIPS_META_N_PAGES) - baton->input->page
+          ? image.get_int(VIPS_META_N_PAGES) - std::max(0, baton->input->page)
          : 1;
      }

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
      if (baton->trimThreshold >= 0.0) {
        MultiPageUnsupported(nPages, "Trim");
        image = sharp::StaySequential(image);
-        image = sharp::Trim(image, baton->trimBackground, baton->trimThreshold, baton->trimLineArt);
+        image = sharp::Trim(image, baton->trimBackground, baton->trimThreshold, baton->trimLineArt, baton->trimMargin);
        baton->trimOffsetLeft = image.xoffset();
        baton->trimOffsetTop = image.yoffset();
      }
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
          }
          sharp::SetDensity(image, baton->input->density);
          if (image.width() > 32767 || image.height() > 32767) {
-            throw vips::VError("Input SVG image will exceed 32767x32767 pixel limit when scaled");
+            throw std::runtime_error("Input SVG image will exceed 32767x32767 pixel limit when scaled");
          }
        } else if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::PDF) {
          if (baton->input->buffer != nullptr) {
@@ -290,12 +290,20 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
        }
      } else {
        if (inputImageType == sharp::ImageType::SVG && (image.width() > 32767 || image.height() > 32767)) {
-          throw vips::VError("Input SVG image exceeds 32767x32767 pixel limit");
+          throw std::runtime_error("Input SVG image exceeds 32767x32767 pixel limit");
        }
      }
      if (baton->input->autoOrient) {
        image = sharp::RemoveExifOrientation(image);
      }
+      if (sharp::HasGainMap(image)) {
+        if (baton->withGainMap) {
+          image = image.uhdr2scRGB();
+        }
+        image = sharp::RemoveGainMap(image);
+      } else {
+        baton->withGainMap = false;
+      }

      // Any pre-shrinking may already have been done
      inputWidth = image.width();
@@ -335,7 +343,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
        image.interpretation() != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_LABS &&
        image.interpretation() != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_GREY16 &&
        baton->colourspacePipeline != VIPS_INTERPRETATION_CMYK &&
-        !baton->input->ignoreIcc
+        !baton->input->ignoreIcc && !baton->withGainMap
      ) {
        // Convert to sRGB/P3 using embedded profile
        try {
@@ -667,7 +675,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {

          // Verify within current dimensions
          if (compositeImage.width() > image.width() || compositeImage.height() > image.height()) {
-            throw vips::VError("Image to composite must have same dimensions or smaller");
+            throw std::runtime_error("Image to composite must have same dimensions or smaller");
          }
          // Check if overlay is tiled
          if (composite->tile) {
@@ -957,6 +965,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
            ->set("effort", baton->webpEffort)
            ->set("min_size", baton->webpMinSize)
            ->set("mixed", baton->webpMixed)
+            ->set("exact", baton->webpExact)
            ->set("alpha_q", baton->webpAlphaQuality)));
          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(area->data);
          baton->bufferOutLength = area->length;
@@ -1024,6 +1033,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
            ->set("compression", baton->heifCompression)
            ->set("effort", baton->heifEffort)
            ->set("bitdepth", baton->heifBitdepth)
+            ->set("tune", baton->heifTune.c_str())
            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->heifChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
            ->set("lossless", baton->heifLossless)));
@@ -1076,20 +1086,19 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
          // Get raw image data
          baton->bufferOut = static_cast<char*>(image.write_to_memory(&baton->bufferOutLength));
          if (baton->bufferOut == nullptr) {
-            (baton->err).append("Could not allocate enough memory for raw output");
-            return Error();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Could not allocate enough memory for raw output");
          }
          baton->formatOut = "raw";
        } else {
          // Unsupported output format
-          (baton->err).append("Unsupported output format ");
+          auto unsupported = std::string("Unsupported output format ");
          if (baton->formatOut == "input") {
-            (baton->err).append("when trying to match input format of ");
-            (baton->err).append(ImageTypeId(inputImageType));
+            unsupported.append("when trying to match input format of ");
+            unsupported.append(ImageTypeId(inputImageType));
          } else {
-            (baton->err).append(baton->formatOut);
+            unsupported.append(baton->formatOut);
          }
-          return Error();
+          throw std::runtime_error(unsupported);
        }
      } else {
        // File output
@@ -1168,6 +1177,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
            ->set("effort", baton->webpEffort)
            ->set("min_size", baton->webpMinSize)
            ->set("mixed", baton->webpMixed)
+            ->set("exact", baton->webpExact)
            ->set("alpha_q", baton->webpAlphaQuality));
          baton->formatOut = "webp";
        } else if (baton->formatOut == "gif" || (mightMatchInput && isGif) ||
@@ -1223,6 +1233,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
            ->set("compression", baton->heifCompression)
            ->set("effort", baton->heifEffort)
            ->set("bitdepth", baton->heifBitdepth)
+            ->set("tune", baton->heifTune.c_str())
            ->set("subsample_mode", baton->heifChromaSubsampling == "4:4:4"
              ? VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_OFF : VIPS_FOREIGN_SUBSAMPLE_ON)
            ->set("lossless", baton->heifLossless));
@@ -1262,7 +1273,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
          return Error();
        }
      }
-    } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
+    } catch (std::runtime_error const &err) {
      char const *what = err.what();
      if (what && what[0]) {
        (baton->err).append(what);
@@ -1294,7 +1305,6 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
      }
      warning = sharp::VipsWarningPop();
    }
-
    if (baton->err.empty()) {
      int width = baton->width;
      int height = baton->height;
@@ -1337,12 +1347,21 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
      }

      if (baton->bufferOutLength > 0) {
-        // Add buffer size to info
        info.Set("size", static_cast<uint32_t>(baton->bufferOutLength));
-        // Pass ownership of output data to Buffer instance
-        Napi::Buffer<char> data = Napi::Buffer<char>::NewOrCopy(env, static_cast<char*>(baton->bufferOut),
-          baton->bufferOutLength, sharp::FreeCallback);
-        Callback().Call(Receiver().Value(), { env.Null(), data, info });
+        if (baton->typedArrayOut) {
+          // ECMAScript ArrayBuffer with Uint8Array view
+          Napi::ArrayBuffer ab = Napi::ArrayBuffer::New(env, baton->bufferOutLength);
+          memcpy(ab.Data(), baton->bufferOut, baton->bufferOutLength);
+          sharp::FreeCallback(static_cast<char*>(baton->bufferOut), nullptr);
+          Napi::TypedArrayOf<uint8_t> data = Napi::TypedArrayOf<uint8_t>::New(env,
+            baton->bufferOutLength, ab, 0, napi_uint8_array);
+          Callback().Call(Receiver().Value(), { env.Null(), data, info });
+        } else {
+          // Node.js Buffer
+          Napi::Buffer<char> data = Napi::Buffer<char>::NewOrCopy(env, static_cast<char*>(baton->bufferOut),
+            baton->bufferOutLength, sharp::FreeCallback);
+          Callback().Call(Receiver().Value(), { env.Null(), data, info });
+        }
      } else {
        // Add file size to info
        if (baton->formatOut != "dz" || sharp::IsDzZip(baton->fileOut)) {
@@ -1386,7 +1405,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {

  void MultiPageUnsupported(int const pages, std::string op) {
    if (pages > 1) {
-      throw vips::VError(op + " is not supported for multi-page images");
+      throw std::runtime_error(op + " is not supported for multi-page images");
    }
  }

@@ -1469,6 +1488,7 @@ class PipelineWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
        {"preset", vips_enum_nick(VIPS_TYPE_FOREIGN_WEBP_PRESET, baton->webpPreset)},
        {"min_size", baton->webpMinSize ? "true" : "false"},
        {"mixed", baton->webpMixed ? "true" : "false"},
+        {"exact", baton->webpExact ? "true" : "false"},
        {"effort", std::to_string(baton->webpEffort)}
      };
      suffix = AssembleSuffixString(".webp", options);
@@ -1615,6 +1635,7 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
  baton->trimBackground = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "trimBackground");
  baton->trimThreshold = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "trimThreshold");
  baton->trimLineArt = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "trimLineArt");
+  baton->trimMargin = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "trimMargin");
  baton->gamma = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gamma");
  baton->gammaOut = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gammaOut");
  baton->linearA = sharp::AttrAsVectorOfDouble(options, "linearA");
@@ -1692,6 +1713,7 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
  // Output
  baton->formatOut = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "formatOut");
  baton->fileOut = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "fileOut");
+  baton->typedArrayOut = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "typedArrayOut");
  baton->keepMetadata = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "keepMetadata");
  baton->withMetadataOrientation = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "withMetadataOrientation");
  baton->withMetadataDensity = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "withMetadataDensity");
@@ -1706,6 +1728,7 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
  }
  baton->withExifMerge = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "withExifMerge");
  baton->withXmp = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "withXmp");
+  baton->withGainMap = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "withGainMap");
  baton->timeoutSeconds = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "timeoutSeconds");
  baton->loop = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "loop");
  baton->delay = sharp::AttrAsInt32Vector(options, "delay");
@@ -1741,6 +1764,7 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
  baton->webpEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "webpEffort");
  baton->webpMinSize = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpMinSize");
  baton->webpMixed = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpMixed");
+  baton->webpExact = sharp::AttrAsBool(options, "webpExact");
  baton->gifBitdepth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "gifBitdepth");
  baton->gifEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "gifEffort");
  baton->gifDither = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "gifDither");
@@ -1775,6 +1799,7 @@ Napi::Value pipeline(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
  baton->heifEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "heifEffort");
  baton->heifChromaSubsampling = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "heifChromaSubsampling");
  baton->heifBitdepth = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "heifBitdepth");
+  baton->heifTune = sharp::AttrAsStr(options, "heifTune");
  baton->jxlDistance = sharp::AttrAsDouble(options, "jxlDistance");
  baton->jxlDecodingTier = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jxlDecodingTier");
  baton->jxlEffort = sharp::AttrAsUint32(options, "jxlEffort");
--- a/src/pipeline.h
+++ b/src/pipeline.h
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
  size_t bufferOutLength;
  int pageHeightOut;
  int pagesOut;
+  bool typedArrayOut;
  std::vector<Composite *> composite;
  std::vector<sharp::InputDescriptor *> joinChannelIn;
  int topOffsetPre;
@@ -101,6 +102,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
  bool trimLineArt;
  int trimOffsetLeft;
  int trimOffsetTop;
+  int trimMargin;
  std::vector<double> linearA;
  std::vector<double> linearB;
  int dilateWidth;
@@ -167,6 +169,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
  int webpEffort;
  bool webpMinSize;
  bool webpMixed;
+  bool webpExact;
  int gifBitdepth;
  int gifEffort;
  double gifDither;
@@ -194,6 +197,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
  std::string heifChromaSubsampling;
  bool heifLossless;
  int heifBitdepth;
+  std::string heifTune;
  double jxlDistance;
  int jxlDecodingTier;
  int jxlEffort;
@@ -208,6 +212,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> withExif;
  bool withExifMerge;
  std::string withXmp;
+  bool withGainMap;
  int timeoutSeconds;
  std::vector<double> convKernel;
  int convKernelWidth;
@@ -242,6 +247,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
    bufferOutLength(0),
    pageHeightOut(0),
    pagesOut(0),
+    typedArrayOut(false),
    topOffsetPre(-1),
    topOffsetPost(-1),
    channels(0),
@@ -281,6 +287,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
    trimLineArt(false),
    trimOffsetLeft(0),
    trimOffsetTop(0),
+    trimMargin(0),
    linearA{},
    linearB{},
    dilateWidth(0),
@@ -344,6 +351,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
    webpEffort(4),
    webpMinSize(false),
    webpMixed(false),
+    webpExact(false),
    gifBitdepth(8),
    gifEffort(7),
    gifDither(1.0),
@@ -357,7 +365,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
    tiffBigtiff(false),
    tiffPredictor(VIPS_FOREIGN_TIFF_PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL),
    tiffPyramid(false),
-    tiffBitdepth(8),
+    tiffBitdepth(0),
    tiffMiniswhite(false),
    tiffTile(false),
    tiffTileHeight(256),
@@ -371,6 +379,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
    heifChromaSubsampling("4:4:4"),
    heifLossless(false),
    heifBitdepth(8),
+    heifTune("ssim"),
    jxlDistance(1.0),
    jxlDecodingTier(0),
    jxlEffort(7),
@@ -381,6 +390,7 @@ struct PipelineBaton {
    withMetadataOrientation(-1),
    withMetadataDensity(0.0),
    withExifMerge(true),
+    withGainMap(false),
    timeoutSeconds(0),
    convKernelWidth(0),
    convKernelHeight(0),
--- a/src/stats.cc
+++ b/src/stats.cc
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class StatsWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
    sharp::ImageType imageType = sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN;
    try {
      std::tie(image, imageType) = OpenInput(baton->input);
-    } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
+    } catch (std::runtime_error const &err) {
      (baton->err).append(err.what());
    }
    if (imageType != sharp::ImageType::UNKNOWN) {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class StatsWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
        baton->dominantRed = dx * 16 + 8;
        baton->dominantGreen = dy * 16 + 8;
        baton->dominantBlue = dz * 16 + 8;
-      } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
+      } catch (std::runtime_error const &err) {
        (baton->err).append(err.what());
      }
    }
@@ -112,7 +112,6 @@ class StatsWorker : public Napi::AsyncWorker {
      debuglog.Call(Receiver().Value(), { Napi::String::New(env, warning) });
      warning = sharp::VipsWarningPop();
    }
-
    if (baton->err.empty()) {
      // Stats Object
      Napi::Object info = Napi::Object::New(env);
--- a/src/utilities.cc
+++ b/src/utilities.cc
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ Napi::Value format(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
    "jpeg", "png", "webp", "tiff", "magick", "openslide", "dz",
    "ppm", "fits", "gif", "svg", "heif", "pdf", "vips", "jp2k", "jxl", "rad", "dcraw"
  }) {
+    std::string id = f == "jp2k" ? "jp2" : f;
    // Input
    const VipsObjectClass *oc = vips_class_find("VipsOperation", (f + "load").c_str());
    Napi::Boolean hasInputFile = Napi::Boolean::New(env, oc);
@@ -154,11 +155,11 @@ Napi::Value format(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
    output.Set("stream", hasOutputBuffer);
    // Other attributes
    Napi::Object container = Napi::Object::New(env);
-    container.Set("id", f);
+    container.Set("id", id);
    container.Set("input", input);
    container.Set("output", output);
    // Add to set of formats
-    format.Set(f, container);
+    format.Set(id, container);
  }

  // Raw, uncompressed data
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ Napi::Value _maxColourDistance(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
    }
    // Calculate colour distance
    maxColourDistance = image1.dE00(image2).max();
-  } catch (vips::VError const &err) {
+  } catch (std::runtime_error const &err) {
    throw Napi::Error::New(env, err.what());
  }

--- a/test/bench/perf.js
+++ b/test/bench/perf.js
@@ -228,6 +228,19 @@ async.series({
            }
          });
      }
+    }).add('sharp-buffer-uint8array', {
+      defer: true,
+      fn: (deferred) => {
+        sharp(inputJpgBuffer)
+          .resize(width, height)
+          .toUint8Array()
+          .then(() => {
+            deferred.resolve();
+          })
+          .catch((err) => {
+            throw err;
+          });
+      }
    }).add('sharp-file-file', {
      defer: true,
      fn: (deferred) => {
@@ -266,6 +279,19 @@ async.series({
            }
          });
      }
+    }).add('sharp-file-uint8array', {
+      defer: true,
+      fn: (deferred) => {
+        sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
+          .resize(width, height)
+          .toUint8Array()
+          .then(() => {
+            deferred.resolve();
+          })
+          .catch((err) => {
+            throw err;
+          });
+      }
    }).add('sharp-promise', {
      defer: true,
      fn: (deferred) => {
--- a/test/fixtures/gain-map.jpg
+++ b/test/fixtures/gain-map.jpg
--- a/test/fixtures/index.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/index.js
@@ -70,9 +70,11 @@ module.exports = {
  inputJpgRandom: getPath('random.jpg'), // convert -size 200x200 xc:   +noise Random   random.jpg
  inputJpgThRandom: getPath('thRandom.jpg'), // convert random.jpg  -channel G -threshold 5% -separate +channel -negate thRandom.jpg
  inputJpgLossless: getPath('testimgl.jpg'), // Lossless JPEG from ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/unix/X11/graphics/ImageMagick/delegates/ljpeg-6b.tar.gz
+  inputJpgWithGainMap: getPath('gain-map.jpg'), // https://github.com/libvips/libvips/issues/3799

  inputPng: getPath('50020484-00001.png'), // http://c.searspartsdirect.com/lis_png/PLDM/50020484-00001.png
  inputPngGradients: getPath('gradients-rgb8.png'),
+  inputPngWithSlightGradientBorder: getPath('slight-gradient-border.png'),
  inputPngWithTransparency: getPath('blackbug.png'), // public domain
  inputPngCompleteTransparency: getPath('full-transparent.png'),
  inputPngWithGreyAlpha: getPath('grey-8bit-alpha.png'),
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ module.exports = {
  inputSvgSmallViewBox: getPath('circle.svg'),
  inputSvgWithEmbeddedImages: getPath('struct-image-04-t.svg'), // https://dev.w3.org/SVG/profiles/1.2T/test/svg/struct-image-04-t.svg
  inputAvif: getPath('sdr_cosmos12920_cicp1-13-6_yuv444_full_qp10.avif'), // CC by-nc-nd https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/av1-avif/tree/master/testFiles/Netflix
-
+  inputAvifWithPitmBox: getPath('pitm.avif'), // https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/4487
  inputJPGBig: getPath('flowers.jpeg'),

  inputPngDotAndLines: getPath('dot-and-lines.png'),
--- a/test/fixtures/pitm.avif
+++ b/test/fixtures/pitm.avif
--- a/test/fixtures/slight-gradient-border.png
+++ b/test/fixtures/slight-gradient-border.png
--- a/test/types/sharp.test-d.ts
+++ b/test/types/sharp.test-d.ts
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ let transformer = sharp()
  });
 readableStream.pipe(transformer).pipe(writableStream);

+sharp().toUint8Array();
+sharp().toUint8Array().then(({ data }) => data.byteLength);
+
 console.log(sharp.format);
 console.log(sharp.versions);

@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ sharp(input)

 sharp(input)
  .resize(100, 100)
-  .toFormat('jpg')
+  .toFormat('avif')
  .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: false })
  .then((outputBuffer: Buffer) => {
    // Resolves with a Buffer object when resolveWithObject is false
@@ -264,9 +267,7 @@ sharp(input)
 // Output to tif
 sharp(input)
  .resize(100, 100)
-  .toFormat('tif')
  .toFormat('tiff')
-  .toFormat(sharp.format.tif)
  .toFormat(sharp.format.tiff)
  .toBuffer();

@@ -362,7 +363,7 @@ sharp(input)
  .avif({ quality: 50, lossless: false, effort: 5, chromaSubsampling: '4:2:0' })
  .heif()
  .heif({})
-  .heif({ quality: 50, compression: 'hevc', lossless: false, effort: 5, chromaSubsampling: '4:2:0' })
+  .heif({ quality: 50, compression: 'hevc', lossless: false, effort: 5, chromaSubsampling: '4:2:0', tune: 'psnr' })
  .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true })
  .then(({ data, info }) => {
    console.log(data);
@@ -545,8 +546,8 @@ sharp('input.tiff').jxl({ decodingTier: 4 }).toFile('out.jxl');
 sharp('input.tiff').jxl({ lossless: true }).toFile('out.jxl');
 sharp('input.tiff').jxl({ effort: 7 }).toFile('out.jxl');

-// Support `minSize` and `mixed` webp options
-sharp('input.tiff').webp({ minSize: true, mixed: true }).toFile('out.gif');
+// Support webp options
+sharp('input.tiff').webp({ minSize: true, mixed: true, exact: true }).toFile('out.webp');

 // 'failOn' input param
 sharp('input.tiff', { failOn: 'none' });
@@ -598,7 +599,7 @@ const vertexSplitQuadraticBasisSpline: string = sharp.interpolators.vertexSplitQ
 // Triming
 sharp(input).trim({ background: '#000' }).toBuffer();
 sharp(input).trim({ threshold: 10, lineArt: true }).toBuffer();
-sharp(input).trim({ background: '#bf1942', threshold: 30 }).toBuffer();
+sharp(input).trim({ background: '#bf1942', threshold: 30, margin: 20 }).toBuffer();

 // Text input
 sharp({
@@ -771,3 +772,35 @@ sharp().erode();
 sharp().erode(1);
 sharp().dilate();
 sharp().dilate(1);
+
+sharp.format.dcraw;
+sharp.format.dz;
+sharp.format.fits;
+sharp.format.gif;
+sharp.format.heif;
+sharp.format.jp2;
+sharp.format.jpeg;
+sharp.format.jxl;
+sharp.format.magick;
+sharp.format.openslide;
+sharp.format.pdf;
+sharp.format.png;
+sharp.format.ppm;
+sharp.format.rad;
+sharp.format.raw;
+sharp.format.svg;
+sharp.format.tiff;
+sharp.format.vips;
+sharp.format.webp;
+// @ts-expect-error
+sharp.format.avif;
+// @ts-expect-error
+sharp.format.input;
+// @ts-expect-error
+sharp.format.jp2k;
+// @ts-expect-error
+sharp.format.jpg;
+// @ts-expect-error
+sharp.format.tif;
+// @ts-expect-error
+sharp.format.v;
--- a/test/unit/avif.js
+++ b/test/unit/avif.js
@@ -7,7 +7,13 @@ const { describe, it } = require('node:test');
 const assert = require('node:assert');

 const sharp = require('../../');
-const { inputAvif, inputJpg, inputGifAnimated } = require('../fixtures');
+const {
+  inputAvif,
+  inputAvifWithPitmBox,
+  inputJpg,
+  inputGifAnimated,
+  inputPng,
+} = require('../fixtures');

 describe('AVIF', () => {
  it('called without options does not throw an error', () => {
@@ -17,16 +23,13 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
  });

  it('can convert AVIF to JPEG', async () => {
-    const data = await sharp(inputAvif)
-      .resize(32)
-      .jpeg()
-      .toBuffer();
+    const data = await sharp(inputAvif).resize(32).jpeg().toBuffer();
    const { size, ...metadata } = await sharp(data).metadata();
    void size;
    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
      autoOrient: {
        height: 13,
-        width: 32
+        width: 32,
      },
      channels: 3,
      chromaSubsampling: '4:2:0',
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
      isProgressive: false,
      isPalette: false,
      space: 'srgb',
-      width: 32
+      width: 32,
    });
  });

@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
      autoOrient: {
        height: 26,
-        width: 32
+        width: 32,
      },
      channels: 3,
      compression: 'av1',
@@ -70,20 +73,47 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
      pagePrimary: 0,
      pages: 1,
      space: 'srgb',
-      width: 32
+      width: 32,
    });
  });

-  it('can passthrough AVIF', async () => {
-    const data = await sharp(inputAvif)
+  it('can convert PNG to lossless AVIF', async () => {
+    const data = await sharp(inputPng)
      .resize(32)
+      .avif({ lossless: true, effort: 0 })
      .toBuffer();
    const { size, ...metadata } = await sharp(data).metadata();
    void size;
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
+      autoOrient: {
+        height: 24,
+        width: 32,
+      },
+      channels: 3,
+      compression: 'av1',
+      depth: 'uchar',
+      format: 'heif',
+      hasAlpha: false,
+      hasProfile: false,
+      height: 24,
+      isProgressive: false,
+      isPalette: false,
+      bitsPerSample: 8,
+      pagePrimary: 0,
+      pages: 1,
+      space: 'srgb',
+      width: 32,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('can passthrough AVIF', async () => {
+    const data = await sharp(inputAvif).resize(32).toBuffer();
+    const { size, ...metadata } = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    void size;
    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
      autoOrient: {
        height: 13,
-        width: 32
+        width: 32,
      },
      channels: 3,
      compression: 'av1',
@@ -98,7 +128,7 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
      pagePrimary: 0,
      pages: 1,
      space: 'srgb',
-      width: 32
+      width: 32,
    });
  });

@@ -112,7 +142,7 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
      autoOrient: {
        height: 300,
-        width: 10
+        width: 10,
      },
      channels: 4,
      compression: 'av1',
@@ -127,7 +157,7 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
      pagePrimary: 0,
      pages: 1,
      space: 'srgb',
-      width: 10
+      width: 10,
    });
  });

@@ -142,7 +172,7 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
      autoOrient: {
        height: 26,
-        width: 32
+        width: 32,
      },
      channels: 3,
      compression: 'av1',
@@ -157,28 +187,89 @@ describe('AVIF', () => {
      pagePrimary: 0,
      pages: 1,
      space: 'srgb',
-      width: 32
+      width: 32,
    });
  });

  it('Invalid width - too large', async () =>
    assert.rejects(
-      () => sharp({ create: { width: 16385, height: 16, channels: 3, background: 'red' } }).avif().toBuffer(),
-      /Processed image is too large for the HEIF format/
-    )
-  );
+      () =>
+        sharp({
+          create: { width: 16385, height: 16, channels: 3, background: 'red' },
+        })
+          .avif()
+          .toBuffer(),
+      /Processed image is too large for the HEIF format/,
+    ));

  it('Invalid height - too large', async () =>
    assert.rejects(
-      () => sharp({ create: { width: 16, height: 16385, channels: 3, background: 'red' } }).avif().toBuffer(),
-      /Processed image is too large for the HEIF format/
-    )
-  );
+      () =>
+        sharp({
+          create: { width: 16, height: 16385, channels: 3, background: 'red' },
+        })
+          .avif()
+          .toBuffer(),
+      /Processed image is too large for the HEIF format/,
+    ));

  it('Invalid bitdepth value throws error', () =>
    assert.throws(
      () => sharp().avif({ bitdepth: 11 }),
-      /Expected 8, 10 or 12 for bitdepth but received 11 of type number/
-    )
-  );
+      /Expected 8, 10 or 12 for bitdepth but received 11 of type number/,
+    ));
+
+  it('Different tune options result in different file sizes', async () => {
+    const ssim = await sharp(inputJpg)
+      .resize(32)
+      .avif({ tune: 'ssim', effort: 0 })
+      .toBuffer();
+    const iq = await sharp(inputJpg)
+      .resize(32)
+      .avif({ tune: 'iq', effort: 0 })
+      .toBuffer();
+    assert(ssim.length < iq.length);
+  });
+
+  it('AVIF with non-zero primary item uses it as default page', async () => {
+    const { exif, ...metadata } = await sharp(inputAvifWithPitmBox).metadata();
+    void exif;
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(metadata, {
+      format: 'heif',
+      width: 4096,
+      height: 800,
+      space: 'srgb',
+      channels: 3,
+      depth: 'uchar',
+      isProgressive: false,
+      isPalette: false,
+      bitsPerSample: 8,
+      pages: 5,
+      pagePrimary: 4,
+      compression: 'av1',
+      resolutionUnit: 'cm',
+      hasProfile: false,
+      hasAlpha: false,
+      autoOrient: { width: 4096, height: 800 },
+    });
+
+    const data = await sharp(inputAvifWithPitmBox)
+      .png({ compressionLevel: 0 })
+      .toBuffer();
+    const { size, ...pngMetadata } = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(pngMetadata, {
+      format: 'png',
+      width: 4096,
+      height: 800,
+      space: 'srgb',
+      channels: 3,
+      depth: 'uchar',
+      isProgressive: false,
+      isPalette: false,
+      bitsPerSample: 8,
+      hasProfile: false,
+      hasAlpha: false,
+      autoOrient: { width: 4096, height: 800 },
+    });
+  });
 });
--- a/test/unit/failOn.js
+++ b/test/unit/failOn.js
@@ -54,23 +54,6 @@ describe('failOn', () => {
    );
  });

-  it('deprecated failOnError', () => {
-    assert.doesNotThrow(
-      () => sharp({ failOnError: true })
-    );
-    assert.doesNotThrow(
-      () => sharp({ failOnError: false })
-    );
-    assert.throws(
-      () => sharp({ failOnError: 'zoinks' }),
-      /Expected boolean for failOnError but received zoinks of type string/
-    );
-    assert.throws(
-      () => sharp({ failOnError: 1 }),
-      /Expected boolean for failOnError but received 1 of type number/
-    );
-  });
-
  it('returns errors to callback for truncated JPEG', (_t, done) => {
    sharp(fixtures.inputJpgTruncated, { failOn: 'truncated' }).toBuffer((err, data, info) => {
      assert.ok(err.message.includes('VipsJpeg: premature end of'), err);
--- a/test/unit/gain-map.js
+++ b/test/unit/gain-map.js
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*!
+  Copyright 2013 Lovell Fuller and others.
+  SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+*/
+
+const { describe, it } = require('node:test');
+
+const sharp = require('../../');
+const fixtures = require('../fixtures');
+
+describe('Gain maps', () => {
+  it('Metadata contains gainMap', async (t) => {
+    t.plan(4);
+
+    const { format, gainMap } = await sharp(
+      fixtures.inputJpgWithGainMap,
+    ).metadata();
+    t.assert.strictEqual(format, 'jpeg');
+    t.assert.strictEqual(typeof gainMap, 'object');
+    t.assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(gainMap.image));
+    t.assert.strictEqual(gainMap.image.length, 31738);
+  });
+
+  it('Can be regenerated', async (t) => {
+    t.plan(4);
+
+    const data = await sharp(fixtures.inputJpgWithGainMap)
+      .withGainMap()
+      .toBuffer();
+    const metadata = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    t.assert.strictEqual(metadata.format, 'jpeg');
+    t.assert.strictEqual(typeof metadata.gainMap, 'object');
+    t.assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(metadata.gainMap.image));
+
+    const {
+      format,
+      width,
+      height,
+      channels,
+      depth,
+      space,
+      hasProfile,
+      chromaSubsampling,
+    } = await sharp(metadata.gainMap.image).metadata();
+
+    t.assert.deepEqual(
+      {
+        format,
+        width,
+        height,
+        channels,
+        depth,
+        space,
+        hasProfile,
+        chromaSubsampling,
+      },
+      {
+        format: 'jpeg',
+        width: 1920,
+        height: 1080,
+        channels: 1,
+        depth: 'uchar',
+        space: 'b-w',
+        hasProfile: true,
+        chromaSubsampling: '4:4:4',
+      },
+    );
+  });
+});
--- a/test/unit/heif.js
+++ b/test/unit/heif.js
@@ -96,4 +96,14 @@ describe('HEIF', () => {
      sharp().heif({ compression: 'av1', bitdepth: 11 });
    }, /Error: Expected 8, 10 or 12 for bitdepth but received 11 of type number/);
  });
+  it('valid tune does not throw an error', () => {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+      sharp().heif({ compression: 'hevc', tune: 'psnr' });
+    });
+  });
+  it('invalid tune should throw an error', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      sharp().heif({ compression: 'hevc', tune: 'fail' });
+    }, /Error: Expected one of: psnr, ssim, iq for tune but received fail of type string/);
+  });
 });
--- a/test/unit/io.js
+++ b/test/unit/io.js
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ const fs = require('node:fs');
 const path = require('node:path');
 const { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, it } = require('node:test');
 const assert = require('node:assert');
+const { isMarkedAsUntransferable } = require('node:worker_threads');

 const sharp = require('../../');
 const fixtures = require('../fixtures');
@@ -1092,4 +1093,39 @@ describe('Input/output', () => {
    assert.strictEqual(channels, 3);
    assert.strictEqual(format, 'jpeg');
  });
+
+  it('toBuffer resolves with an untransferable Buffer', async () => {
+    const data = await sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
+      .resize({ width: 8, height: 8 })
+      .toBuffer();
+
+    if (isMarkedAsUntransferable) {
+      assert.strictEqual(isMarkedAsUntransferable(data.buffer), true);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(ArrayBuffer.isView(data), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(ArrayBuffer.isView(data.buffer), false);
+  });
+
+  it('toUint8Array resolves with a transferable Uint8Array', async () => {
+    const { data, info } = await sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
+      .resize({ width: 8, height: 8 })
+      .toUint8Array();
+
+    assert.strictEqual(data instanceof Uint8Array, true);
+    if (isMarkedAsUntransferable) {
+      assert.strictEqual(isMarkedAsUntransferable(data.buffer), false);
+    }
+    assert.strictEqual(ArrayBuffer.isView(data), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(info.format, 'jpeg');
+    assert.strictEqual(info.width, 8);
+    assert.strictEqual(info.height, 8);
+    assert.strictEqual(data.byteLength, info.size);
+    assert.strictEqual(data[0], 0xFF);
+    assert.strictEqual(data[1], 0xD8);
+
+    const metadata = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    assert.strictEqual(metadata.format, 'jpeg');
+    assert.strictEqual(metadata.width, 8);
+    assert.strictEqual(metadata.height, 8);
+  });
 });
--- a/test/unit/jp2.js
+++ b/test/unit/jp2.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ const sharp = require('../../');
 const fixtures = require('../fixtures');

 describe('JP2 output', () => {
-  if (!sharp.format.jp2k.input.buffer) {
+  if (!sharp.format.jp2.input.buffer) {
    it('JP2 output should fail due to missing OpenJPEG', () =>
      assert.rejects(async () =>
        sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
--- a/test/unit/libvips.js
+++ b/test/unit/libvips.js
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ describe('libvips binaries', () => {
      process.env.npm_config_arch = 's390x';
      process.env.npm_config_libc = '';
      const locatorHash = libvips.yarnLocator();
-      assert.strictEqual(locatorHash, '4ab19140fd');
+      assert.strictEqual(locatorHash, 'f7e557e9d6');
      delete process.env.npm_config_platform;
      delete process.env.npm_config_arch;
      delete process.env.npm_config_libc;
--- a/test/unit/png.js
+++ b/test/unit/png.js
@@ -154,7 +154,6 @@ describe('PNG', () => {
      isProgressive: false,
      isPalette: true,
      bitsPerSample: 8,
-      paletteBitDepth: 8,
      hasProfile: false,
      hasAlpha: false
    });
@@ -226,12 +225,10 @@ describe('PNG', () => {
      .png({ colours: 2, palette: false })
      .toBuffer();

-    const { channels, isPalette, bitsPerSample, paletteBitDepth, size, space } = await sharp(data).metadata();
+    const { channels, isPalette, bitsPerSample, space } = await sharp(data).metadata();
    assert.strictEqual(channels, 1);
    assert.strictEqual(isPalette, false);
    assert.strictEqual(bitsPerSample, 1);
-    assert.strictEqual(paletteBitDepth, undefined);
-    assert.strictEqual(size, 89);
    assert.strictEqual(space, 'b-w');
  });

--- a/test/unit/sharpen.js
+++ b/test/unit/sharpen.js
@@ -94,24 +94,6 @@ describe('Sharpen', () => {
      });
  });

-  it('invalid sigma', () => {
-    assert.throws(() => {
-      sharp(fixtures.inputJpg).sharpen(-1.5);
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('invalid flat', () => {
-    assert.throws(() => {
-      sharp(fixtures.inputJpg).sharpen(1, -1);
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('invalid jagged', () => {
-    assert.throws(() => {
-      sharp(fixtures.inputJpg).sharpen(1, 1, -1);
-    });
-  });
-
  it('invalid options.sigma', () => assert.throws(
    () => sharp().sharpen({ sigma: -1 }),
    /Expected number between 0\.000001 and 10 for options\.sigma but received -1 of type number/
@@ -144,24 +126,23 @@ describe('Sharpen', () => {

  it('sharpened image is larger than non-sharpened', (_t, done) => {
    sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
-      .resize(320, 240)
-      .sharpen(false)
+      .resize(32, 24)
      .toBuffer((err, notSharpened, info) => {
        if (err) throw err;
        assert.strictEqual(true, notSharpened.length > 0);
        assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
-        assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
-        assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+        assert.strictEqual(32, info.width);
+        assert.strictEqual(24, info.height);
        sharp(fixtures.inputJpg)
-          .resize(320, 240)
-          .sharpen(true)
+          .resize(32, 24)
+          .sharpen()
          .toBuffer((err, sharpened, info) => {
            if (err) throw err;
            assert.strictEqual(true, sharpened.length > 0);
            assert.strictEqual(true, sharpened.length > notSharpened.length);
            assert.strictEqual('jpeg', info.format);
-            assert.strictEqual(320, info.width);
-            assert.strictEqual(240, info.height);
+            assert.strictEqual(32, info.width);
+            assert.strictEqual(24, info.height);
            done();
          });
      });
--- a/test/unit/tiff.js
+++ b/test/unit/tiff.js
@@ -122,7 +122,6 @@ describe('TIFF', () => {
    sharp(fixtures.inputTiff8BitDepth)
      .toColourspace('b-w') // can only squash 1 band uchar images
      .tiff({
-        bitdepth: 8,
        compression: 'none',
        predictor: 'none'
      })
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ describe('TIFF', () => {
  it('Invalid TIFF bitdepth value throws error', () => {
    assert.throws(() => {
      sharp().tiff({ bitdepth: 3 });
-    }, /Error: Expected 1, 2, 4 or 8 for bitdepth but received 3 of type number/);
+    }, /Error: Expected 1, 2 or 4 for bitdepth but received 3 of type number/);
  });

  it('TIFF setting xres and yres on file', () =>
--- a/test/unit/trim.js
+++ b/test/unit/trim.js
@@ -222,6 +222,9 @@ describe('Trim borders', () => {
      },
      'Invalid lineArt': {
        lineArt: 'fail'
+      },
+      'Invalid margin': {
+        margin: -1
      }
    }).forEach(([description, parameter]) => {
      it(description, () => {
@@ -289,4 +292,42 @@ describe('Trim borders', () => {
      assert.strictEqual(trimOffsetLeft, 0);
    });
  });
+
+  describe('Adds margin around content', () => {
+    it('Should trim complex gradients', async () => {
+      const { info } = await sharp(fixtures.inputPngGradients)
+        .trim({ threshold: 50, margin: 100 })
+        .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
+
+      const { width, height, trimOffsetTop, trimOffsetLeft } = info;
+      assert.strictEqual(width, 1000);
+      assert.strictEqual(height, 443);
+      assert.strictEqual(trimOffsetTop, -557);
+      assert.strictEqual(trimOffsetLeft, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('Should trim simple gradients', async () => {
+      const { info } = await sharp(fixtures.inputPngWithSlightGradientBorder)
+        .trim({ threshold: 70, margin: 50 })
+        .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
+
+      const { width, height, trimOffsetTop, trimOffsetLeft } = info;
+      assert.strictEqual(width, 900);
+      assert.strictEqual(height, 900);
+      assert.strictEqual(trimOffsetTop, -50);
+      assert.strictEqual(trimOffsetLeft, -50);
+    });
+
+    it('Should not overflow image bounding box', async () => {
+      const { info } = await sharp(fixtures.inputPngWithSlightGradientBorder)
+        .trim({ threshold: 70, margin: 9999999 })
+        .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
+
+      const { width, height, trimOffsetTop, trimOffsetLeft } = info;
+      assert.strictEqual(width, 1000);
+      assert.strictEqual(height, 1000);
+      assert.strictEqual(trimOffsetTop, 0);
+      assert.strictEqual(trimOffsetLeft, 0);
+    });
+  });
 });
--- a/test/unit/webp.js
+++ b/test/unit/webp.js
@@ -213,6 +213,33 @@ describe('WebP', () => {
    );
  });

+  it('valid exact', () => {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => sharp().webp({ exact: true }));
+  });
+
+  it('invalid exact throws', () => {
+    assert.throws(
+      () => sharp().webp({ exact: 'fail' }),
+      /Expected boolean for webpExact but received fail of type string/
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('saving exact pixel colour values produces larger file size', async () => {
+    const withExact = await
+      sharp(fixtures.inputPngAlphaPremultiplicationSmall)
+        .resize(8, 8)
+        .webp({ exact: true, effort: 0 })
+        .toBuffer();
+
+    const withoutExact = await
+      sharp(fixtures.inputPngAlphaPremultiplicationSmall)
+        .resize(8, 8)
+        .webp({ exact: false, effort: 0 })
+        .toBuffer()
+
+    assert.strictEqual(true, withExact.length > withoutExact.length);
+  });
+
  it('invalid loop throws', () => {
    assert.throws(() => {
      sharp().webp({ loop: -1 });
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Lovell Fuller	17d4a684df	WIP: Switch from custom VError to standard runtime_error	2026-01-23 22:26:15 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	ed6b7384d0	Ensure TIFF output bitdepth option is limited to 1, 2 or 4	2026-01-23 21:29:40 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	ef77388a73	Force MSVC to use exception handling As of 8.18.0, libvips C++ wrapper retrieves error messages at exception construction time rather than lazily when accessed. On Windows this led to error messages being referenced rather than copied, leading to access beyond their lifetime and possible corruption.	2026-01-22 12:52:48 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	66764b359b	Remove unused option parameter added in `8561f0d`	2026-01-20 21:10:56 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	8561f0da1d	Ensure HEIF primary item is used as default page #4487	2026-01-18 20:24:34 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	0468c1be9f	Encoding lossless AVIF is mutually exclusive with iq tuning	2026-01-08 12:43:53 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	4b1680c312	Prerelease v0.35.0-rc.0	2026-01-02 11:12:47 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	2346722c0d	Upgrade sharp-libvips to v1.3.0-rc.2	2026-01-02 10:58:18 +00:00
Dmytro Tiapukhin	a5e726002c	Add margin option to trim operation #4480	2026-01-02 09:33:40 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	d161e45e06	TypeScript: Ensure 'FormatEnum' keys match reality #4475 Renames format.jp2k as format.jp2 for consistency	2026-01-02 08:04:46 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	006d37b2d0	Add AVIF/HEIF 'tune' option to control quality metrics #4227	2026-01-01 22:41:42 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	0d872bd13a	Add WebP 'exact' option for control over transparent pixels	2026-01-01 19:19:20 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	1cf4b7f04d	Deprecate win32-ia32 prebuilt binaries	2025-12-31 10:16:09 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	e50c0c2e04	CI: Migrate FreeBSD from Cirrus to GitHub Actions	2025-12-31 09:48:59 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	3278a9a913	CI: Pin win32-ia32 Node.js 22 version There seems to be an Error message string corruption problem in the latest 22.21.1.	2025-12-30 19:35:51 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	1b2f79335d	Remove previously-deprecated properties from API	2025-12-29 13:04:27 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	937167933b	Docs: Add list of well-maintained Lambda Layers	2025-12-27 09:03:44 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	dbcb7e60bd	Add toUint8Array for output backed by transferable ArrayBuffer #4355	2025-12-23 18:19:01 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	e1bad5470e	Remove install script, building from source is now opt-in The vast majority of people don't need this. Package managers are (correctly) starting to block install scripts by default, so this change should reduce install-time warnings.	2025-12-21 12:36:40 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	1a2c1c8833	Add version to shared library filename to help avoid collision	2025-12-21 12:00:30 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	aaeded2b67	Add withGainMap to process HDR JPEGs with embedded gain map #4314	2025-12-19 15:41:09 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	f6cdd36559	Bump devDeps	2025-12-18 22:47:14 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	283c7d3f0c	Drop Node.js 18, now requires Node.js >= 20.9.0	2025-12-17 15:08:34 +00:00
Lovell Fuller	34c39fa194	Upgrade to libvips v8.18.0-rc.2	2025-12-17 13:26:51 +00:00