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Lovell Fuller 1f7e80e581 Add chroma subsampling options for JPEG output
2015-02-13 09:41:42 +00:00

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# sharp
* [Installation](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#installation)
* [Usage examples](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#usage-examples)
* [API](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#api)
* [Contributing](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#contributing)
* [Testing](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#testing)
* [Performance](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#performance)
* [Thanks](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#thanks)
* [Licence](https://github.com/lovell/sharp#licence)
The typical use case for this high speed Node.js module is to convert large images of many formats to smaller, web-friendly JPEG, PNG and WebP images of varying dimensions.
This module supports reading and writing JPEG, PNG and WebP images to and from Streams, Buffer objects and the filesystem.
It also supports reading images of many other types from the filesystem via libmagick or libgraphicsmagick if present.
Colour spaces, embedded ICC profiles and alpha transparency channels are all handled correctly.
Only small regions of uncompressed image data are held in memory and processed at a time, taking full advantage of multiple CPU cores and L1/L2/L3 cache. Resizing an image is typically 4x faster than using the quickest ImageMagick and GraphicsMagick settings.
Huffman tables are optimised when generating JPEG output images without having to use separate command line tools like [jpegoptim](https://github.com/tjko/jpegoptim) and [jpegtran](http://jpegclub.org/jpegtran/). PNG filtering can be disabled, which for diagrams and line art often produces the same result as [pngcrush](http://pmt.sourceforge.net/pngcrush/).
Everything remains non-blocking thanks to _libuv_, no child processes are spawned and Promises/A+ are supported.
Anyone who has used the Node.js bindings for [GraphicsMagick](https://github.com/aheckmann/gm) will find the API similarly fluent.
This module is powered by the blazingly fast [libvips](https://github.com/jcupitt/libvips) image processing library, originally created in 1989 at Birkbeck College and currently maintained by [John Cupitt](https://github.com/jcupitt).
## Installation
npm install sharp
### Prerequisites
* Node.js v0.10+
* [libvips](https://github.com/jcupitt/libvips) v7.40.0+ (7.42.0+ recommended)
To install the most suitable version of libvips on the following Operating Systems:
* Mac OS
* Homebrew
* MacPorts
* Debian Linux
* Debian 7, 8
* Ubuntu 12.04, 14.04, 14.10, 15.04
* Mint 13, 17
* Red Hat Linux
* RHEL/Centos/Scientific 6, 7
* Fedora 21, 22
* Amazon Linux 2014.09
run the following as a user with `sudo` access:
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lovell/sharp/master/preinstall.sh | sudo bash -
or run the following as `root`:
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lovell/sharp/master/preinstall.sh | bash -
The [preinstall.sh](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/blob/master/preinstall.sh) script requires `curl` and `pkg-config`.
### Mac OS tips
Manual install via homebrew:
brew install homebrew/science/vips --with-webp --with-graphicsmagick
A missing or incorrectly configured _Xcode Command Line Tools_ installation [can lead](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/80) to a `library not found for -ljpeg` error. If so, please try:
xcode-select --install
The _gettext_ dependency of _libvips_ [can lead](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/issues/9) to a `library not found for -lintl` error. If so, please try:
brew link gettext --force
### Heroku
[Alessandro Tagliapietra](https://github.com/alex88) maintains an [Heroku buildpack for libvips](https://github.com/alex88/heroku-buildpack-vips) and its dependencies.
### Docker
[Marc Bachmann](https://github.com/marcbachmann) maintains a [Dockerfile for libvips](https://github.com/marcbachmann/dockerfile-libvips).
docker pull marcbachmann/libvips
### Build tools
* [gulp-responsive](https://www.npmjs.com/package/gulp-responsive)
* [gulp-sharp](https://www.npmjs.com/package/gulp-sharp)
* [grunt-sharp](https://www.npmjs.com/package/grunt-sharp)
## Usage examples
```javascript
var sharp = require('sharp');
```
```javascript
sharp('input.jpg').resize(300, 200).toFile('output.jpg', function(err) {
if (err) {
throw err;
}
// output.jpg is a 300 pixels wide and 200 pixels high image
// containing a scaled and cropped version of input.jpg
});
```
```javascript
var transformer = sharp().resize(300, 200).crop(sharp.gravity.north);
readableStream.pipe(transformer).pipe(writableStream);
// Read image data from readableStream, resize and write image data to writableStream
```
```javascript
var image = sharp(inputJpg);
image.metadata(function(err, metadata) {
image.resize(Math.floor(metadata.width / 2)).webp().toBuffer(function(err, outputBuffer, info) {
// outputBuffer contains a WebP image half the width and height of the original JPEG
});
});
```
```javascript
var pipeline = sharp()
.rotate()
.resize(null, 200)
.progressive()
.toBuffer(function(err, outputBuffer, info) {
if (err) {
throw err;
}
// outputBuffer contains 200px high progressive JPEG image data,
// auto-rotated using EXIF Orientation tag
// info.width and info.height contain the dimensions of the resized image
});
readableStream.pipe(pipeline);
```
```javascript
sharp('input.png')
.rotate(180)
.resize(300)
.flatten()
.background('#ff6600')
.sharpen()
.withMetadata()
.quality(90)
.webp()
.toBuffer()
.then(function(outputBuffer) {
// outputBuffer contains upside down, 300px wide, alpha channel flattened
// onto orange background, sharpened, with metadata, 90% quality WebP image
// data
});
```
```javascript
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'image/webp'});
sharp('input.jpg').rotate().resize(200).webp().pipe(response);
}).listen(8000);
// Create HTTP server that always returns auto-rotated 'input.jpg',
// resized to 200 pixels wide, in WebP format
```
```javascript
sharp(input)
.extract(top, left, width, height)
.toFile(output);
// Extract a region of the input image, saving in the same format.
```
```javascript
sharp(input)
.extract(topOffsetPre, leftOffsetPre, widthPre, heightPre)
.resize(width, height)
.extract(topOffsetPost, leftOffsetPost, widthPost, heightPost)
.toFile(output);
// Extract a region, resize, then extract from the resized image
```
```javascript
sharp(inputBuffer)
.resize(200, 300)
.interpolateWith(sharp.interpolator.nohalo)
.background('white')
.embed()
.toFile('output.tiff')
.then(function() {
// output.tiff is a 200 pixels wide and 300 pixels high image
// containing a nohalo scaled version, embedded on a white canvas,
// of the image data in inputBuffer
});
```
```javascript
sharp('input.gif')
.resize(200, 300)
.background({r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0})
.embed()
.toFormat(sharp.format.webp)
.toBuffer(function(err, outputBuffer) {
if (err) {
throw err;
}
// outputBuffer contains WebP image data of a 200 pixels wide and 300 pixels high
// containing a scaled version, embedded on a transparent canvas, of input.gif
});
```
```javascript
sharp(inputBuffer)
.resize(200, 200)
.max()
.toFormat('jpeg')
.toBuffer().then(function(outputBuffer) {
// outputBuffer contains JPEG image data no wider than 200 pixels and no higher
// than 200 pixels regardless of the inputBuffer image dimensions
});
```
## API
### Input methods
#### sharp([input])
Constructor to which further methods are chained. `input`, if present, can be one of:
* Buffer containing JPEG, PNG, WebP or TIFF image data, or
* String containing the filename of an image, with most major formats supported.
The object returned implements the [stream.Duplex](http://nodejs.org/api/stream.html#stream_class_stream_duplex) class.
JPEG, PNG, WebP or TIFF format image data can be streamed into the object when `input` is not provided.
JPEG, PNG or WebP format image data can be streamed out from this object.
#### metadata([callback])
Fast access to image metadata without decoding any compressed image data.
`callback`, if present, gets the arguments `(err, metadata)` where `metadata` has the attributes:
* `format`: Name of decoder to be used to decompress image data e.g. `jpeg`, `png`, `webp` (for file-based input additionally `tiff` and `magick`)
* `width`: Number of pixels wide
* `height`: Number of pixels high
* `space`: Name of colour space interpretation e.g. `srgb`, `rgb`, `scrgb`, `cmyk`, `lab`, `xyz`, `b-w` [...](https://github.com/jcupitt/libvips/blob/master/libvips/iofuncs/enumtypes.c#L522)
* `channels`: Number of bands e.g. `3` for sRGB, `4` for CMYK
* `hasProfile`: Boolean indicating the presence of an embedded ICC profile
* `hasAlpha`: Boolean indicating the presence of an alpha transparency channel
* `orientation`: Number value of the EXIF Orientation header, if present
A Promises/A+ promise is returned when `callback` is not provided.
#### sequentialRead()
An advanced setting that switches the libvips access method to `VIPS_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL`. This will reduce memory usage and can improve performance on some systems.
#### limitInputPixels(pixels)
Do not process input images where the number of pixels (width * height) exceeds this limit.
`pixels` is the integral Number of pixels, with a value between 1 and the default 268402689 (0x3FFF * 0x3FFF).
### Image transformation options
#### resize(width, [height])
Scale output to `width` x `height`. By default, the resized image is cropped to the exact size specified.
`width` is the integral Number of pixels wide the resultant image should be, between 1 and 16383 (0x3FFF). Use `null` or `undefined` to auto-scale the width to match the height.
`height` is the integral Number of pixels high the resultant image should be, between 1 and 16383. Use `null` or `undefined` to auto-scale the height to match the width.
#### extract(top, left, width, height)
Extract a region of the image. Can be used with or without a `resize` operation.
`top` and `left` are the offset, in pixels, from the top-left corner.
`width` and `height` are the dimensions of the extracted image.
Use `extract` before `resize` for pre-resize extraction. Use `extract` after `resize` for post-resize extraction. Use `extract` before and after for both.
#### crop([gravity])
Crop the resized image to the exact size specified, the default behaviour.
`gravity`, if present, is an attribute of the `sharp.gravity` Object e.g. `sharp.gravity.north`.
Possible values are `north`, `east`, `south`, `west`, `center` and `centre`. The default gravity is `center`/`centre`.
#### max()
Preserving aspect ratio, resize the image to the maximum `width` or `height` specified.
Both `width` and `height` must be provided via `resize` otherwise the behaviour will default to `crop`.
#### background(rgba)
Set the background for the `embed` and `flatten` operations.
`rgba` is parsed by the [color](https://www.npmjs.org/package/color) module to extract values for red, green, blue and alpha.
The alpha value is a float between `0` (transparent) and `1` (opaque).
The default background is `{r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 1}`, black without transparency.
#### embed()
Preserving aspect ratio, resize the image to the maximum `width` or `height` specified then embed on a background of the exact `width` and `height` specified.
If the background contains an alpha value then WebP and PNG format output images will contain an alpha channel, even when the input image does not.
#### flatten()
Merge alpha transparency channel, if any, with `background`.
#### rotate([angle])
Rotate the output image by either an explicit angle or auto-orient based on the EXIF `Orientation` tag.
`angle`, if present, is a Number with a value of `0`, `90`, `180` or `270`.
Use this method without `angle` to determine the angle from EXIF data. Mirroring is supported and may infer the use of a `flip` operation.
Method order is important when both rotating and extracting regions, for example `rotate(x).extract(y)` will produce a different result to `extract(y).rotate(x)`.
#### flip()
Flip the image about the vertical Y axis. This always occurs after rotation, if any.
#### flop()
Flop the image about the horizontal X axis. This always occurs after rotation, if any.
#### withoutEnlargement()
Do not enlarge the output image if the input image width *or* height are already less than the required dimensions.
This is equivalent to GraphicsMagick's `>` geometry option: "change the dimensions of the image only if its width or height exceeds the geometry specification".
#### blur([sigma])
When used without parameters, performs a fast, mild blur of the output image. This typically reduces performance by 10%.
When a `sigma` is provided, performs a slower, more accurate Gaussian blur. This typically reduces performance by 25%.
* `sigma`, if present, is a Number between 0.3 and 1000 representing the approximate blur radius in pixels.
#### sharpen([radius], [flat], [jagged])
When used without parameters, performs a fast, mild sharpen of the output image. This typically reduces performance by 10%.
When a `radius` is provided, performs a slower, more accurate sharpen of the L channel in the LAB colour space. Separate control over the level of sharpening in "flat" and "jagged" areas is available. This typically reduces performance by 50%.
* `radius`, if present, is an integral Number representing the sharpen mask radius in pixels.
* `flat`, if present, is a Number representing the level of sharpening to apply to "flat" areas, defaulting to a value of 1.0.
* `jagged`, if present, is a Number representing the level of sharpening to apply to "jagged" areas, defaulting to a value of 2.0.
#### interpolateWith(interpolator)
Use the given interpolator for image resizing, where `interpolator` is an attribute of the `sharp.interpolator` Object e.g. `sharp.interpolator.bicubic`.
Possible interpolators, in order of performance, are:
* `nearest`: Use [nearest neighbour interpolation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest-neighbor_interpolation), suitable for image enlargement only.
* `bilinear`: Use [bilinear interpolation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolation), the default and fastest image reduction interpolation.
* `bicubic`: Use [bicubic interpolation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicubic_interpolation), which typically reduces performance by 5%.
* `vertexSplitQuadraticBasisSpline`: Use [VSQBS interpolation](https://github.com/jcupitt/libvips/blob/master/libvips/resample/vsqbs.cpp#L48), which prevents "staircasing" and typically reduces performance by 5%.
* `locallyBoundedBicubic`: Use [LBB interpolation](https://github.com/jcupitt/libvips/blob/master/libvips/resample/lbb.cpp#L100), which prevents some "[acutance](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutance)" and typically reduces performance by a factor of 2.
* `nohalo`: Use [Nohalo interpolation](http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268086/), which prevents acutance and typically reduces performance by a factor of 3.
#### gamma([gamma])
Apply a gamma correction by reducing the encoding (darken) pre-resize at a factor of `1/gamma` then increasing the encoding (brighten) post-resize at a factor of `gamma`.
`gamma`, if present, is a Number betweem 1 and 3. The default value is `2.2`, a suitable approximation for sRGB images.
This can improve the perceived brightness of a resized image in non-linear colour spaces.
JPEG input images will not take advantage of the shrink-on-load performance optimisation when applying a gamma correction.
#### grayscale() / greyscale()
Convert to 8-bit greyscale; 256 shades of grey.
This is a linear operation. If the input image is in a non-linear colour space such as sRGB, use `gamma()` with `greyscale()` for the best results.
The output image will still be web-friendly sRGB and contain three (identical) channels.
### Output options
#### jpeg()
Use JPEG format for the output image.
#### png()
Use PNG format for the output image.
#### webp()
Use WebP format for the output image.
#### raw()
_Requires libvips 7.42.0+_
Provide raw, uncompressed uint8 (unsigned char) image data for Buffer and Stream based output.
The number of channels depends on the input image and selected options.
* 1 channel for images converted to `greyscale()`, with each byte representing one pixel.
* 3 channels for colour images without alpha transparency, with bytes ordered \[red, green, blue, red, green, blue, etc.\]).
* 4 channels for colour images with alpha transparency, with bytes ordered \[red, green, blue, alpha, red, green, blue, alpha, etc.\].
#### toFormat(format)
Convenience method for the above output format methods, where `format` is either:
* an attribute of the `sharp.format` Object e.g. `sharp.format.jpeg`, or
* a String containing `jpeg`, `png`, `webp` or `raw`.
#### quality(quality)
The output quality to use for lossy JPEG, WebP and TIFF output formats. The default quality is `80`.
`quality` is a Number between 1 and 100.
#### progressive()
Use progressive (interlace) scan for JPEG and PNG output. This typically reduces compression performance by 30% but results in an image that can be rendered sooner when decompressed.
#### withMetadata()
Include all metadata (EXIF, XMP, IPTC) from the input image in the output image. This will also convert to and add the latest web-friendly v2 sRGB ICC profile.
The default behaviour is to strip all metadata and convert to the device-independent sRGB colour space.
#### withoutChromaSubsampling()
Disable the use of [chroma subsampling](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsampling) with JPEG output (4:4:4).
This can improve colour representation at higher quality settings (90+),
but usually increases output file size and typically reduces performance by 25%.
The default behaviour is to use chroma subsampling (4:2:0).
#### compressionLevel(compressionLevel)
An advanced setting for the _zlib_ compression level of the lossless PNG output format. The default level is `6`.
`compressionLevel` is a Number between 0 and 9.
#### withoutAdaptiveFiltering()
_Requires libvips 7.42.0+_
An advanced setting to disable adaptive row filtering for the lossless PNG output format.
### Output methods
#### toFile(filename, [callback])
`filename` is a String containing the filename to write the image data to. The format is inferred from the extension, with JPEG, PNG, WebP and TIFF supported.
`callback`, if present, is called with two arguments `(err, info)` where:
* `err` contains an error message, if any.
* `info` contains the output image `format`, `size` (bytes), `width` and `height`.
A Promises/A+ promise is returned when `callback` is not provided.
#### toBuffer([callback])
Write image data to a Buffer, the format of which will match the input image by default. JPEG, PNG and WebP are supported.
`callback`, if present, gets three arguments `(err, buffer, info)` where:
* `err` is an error message, if any.
* `buffer` is the output image data.
* `info` contains the output image `format`, `size` (bytes), `width` and `height`.
A Promises/A+ promise is returned when `callback` is not provided.
### Utility methods
#### sharp.cache([memory], [items])
If `memory` or `items` are provided, set the limits of _libvips'_ operation cache.
* `memory` is the maximum memory in MB to use for this cache, with a default value of 100
* `items` is the maximum number of operations to cache, with a default value of 500
This method always returns cache statistics, useful for determining how much working memory is required for a particular task.
```javascript
var stats = sharp.cache(); // { current: 75, high: 99, memory: 100, items: 500 }
sharp.cache(200); // { current: 75, high: 99, memory: 200, items: 500 }
sharp.cache(50, 200); // { current: 49, high: 99, memory: 50, items: 200}
```
#### sharp.concurrency([threads])
`threads`, if provided, is the Number of threads _libvips'_ should create for processing each image. The default value is the number of CPU cores. A value of `0` will reset to this default.
This method always returns the current concurrency.
```javascript
var threads = sharp.concurrency(); // 4
sharp.concurrency(2); // 2
sharp.concurrency(0); // 4
```
The maximum number of images that can be processed in parallel is limited by libuv's `UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE` environment variable.
#### sharp.counters()
Provides access to internal task counters.
* `queue` is the number of tasks this module has queued waiting for _libuv_ to provide a worker thread from its pool.
* `process` is the number of resize tasks currently being processed.
```javascript
var counters = sharp.counters(); // { queue: 2, process: 4 }
```
## Contributing
A [guide for contributors](https://github.com/lovell/sharp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) covers reporting bugs, requesting features and submitting code changes.
## Testing
### Functional tests
#### Coverage
[![Test Coverage](https://coveralls.io/repos/lovell/sharp/badge.png?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/lovell/sharp?branch=master)
#### Ubuntu 12.04
[![Ubuntu 12.04 Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/lovell/sharp.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/lovell/sharp)
#### Centos 6.5
[![Centos 6.5 Build Status](https://snap-ci.com/lovell/sharp/branch/master/build_image)](https://snap-ci.com/lovell/sharp/branch/master)
### Benchmark tests
```
cd sharp/test/bench
npm install
npm test
```
Requires both _ImageMagick_ and _GraphicsMagick_:
```
brew install imagemagick
brew install graphicsmagick
```
```
sudo apt-get install -qq imagemagick graphicsmagick libmagickcore-dev
```
```
sudo yum install ImageMagick
sudo yum install -y http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
sudo yum install -y --enablerepo=epel GraphicsMagick
```
## Performance
### Test environment
* AWS EC2 [c3.xlarge](http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/#Compute_Optimized)
* Ubuntu 14.04
* libvips 7.40.8
* liborc 0.4.22
### The contenders
* [imagemagick-native](https://github.com/mash/node-imagemagick-native) v1.2.2 - Supports Buffers only
* [imagemagick](https://github.com/yourdeveloper/node-imagemagick) v0.1.3 - Supports filesystem only and "has been unmaintained for a long time".
* [gm](https://github.com/aheckmann/gm) v1.16.0 - Fully featured wrapper around GraphicsMagick.
* sharp v0.6.2 - Caching within libvips disabled to ensure a fair comparison.
### The task
Decompress a 2725x2225 JPEG image, resize and crop to 720x480, then compress to JPEG.
### Results
| Module | Input | Output | Ops/sec | Speed-up |
| :-------------------- | :----- | :----- | ------: | -------: |
| imagemagick-native | buffer | buffer | 1.58 | 1 |
| imagemagick | file | file | 6.23 | 3.9 |
| gm | buffer | file | 5.32 | 3.4 |
| gm | buffer | buffer | 5.32 | 3.4 |
| gm | file | file | 5.36 | 3.4 |
| gm | file | buffer | 5.36 | 3.4 |
| sharp | buffer | file | 22.05 | 14.0 |
| sharp | buffer | buffer | 22.14 | 14.0 |
| sharp | file | file | 21.79 | 13.8 |
| sharp | file | buffer | 21.90 | 13.9 |
| sharp | stream | stream | 20.87 | 13.2 |
| sharp +promise | file | buffer | 21.89 | 13.9 |
| sharp +sharpen | file | buffer | 19.69 | 12.5 |
| sharp +progressive | file | buffer | 16.93 | 10.7 |
| sharp +sequentialRead | file | buffer | 21.60 | 13.7 |
You can expect greater performance with caching enabled (default) and using 8+ core machines.
## Thanks
This module would never have been possible without the help and code contributions of the following people:
* [John Cupitt](https://github.com/jcupitt)
* [Pierre Inglebert](https://github.com/pierreinglebert)
* [Jonathan Ong](https://github.com/jonathanong)
* [Chanon Sajjamanochai](https://github.com/chanon)
* [Juliano Julio](https://github.com/julianojulio)
* [Daniel Gasienica](https://github.com/gasi)
* [Julian Walker](https://github.com/julianwa)
* [Amit Pitaru](https://github.com/apitaru)
* [Brandon Aaron](https://github.com/brandonaaron)
* [Andreas Lind](https://github.com/papandreou)
Thank you!
## Licence
Copyright 2013, 2014, 2015 Lovell Fuller and contributors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at [http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html)
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
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